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FHE LIFE AND TIMES 



OF 



ANNE ROYALL 



BY 
SARAH HARVEY PORTER. M. A. 

Member of the Columbia Historical Society 
Washington, D. C. 



PUBLISHED AT CEDAR RAPIDS 
IOWA IN 1909 BY THE 
TORCH PRESS BOOK SHOP 



LiSiiAHY of CCNGRESsi 
Two Oopies Seceived 

die 16 i9oa 

I CoDyriifHt tp.try 

j COP"< d. 



COPYRIGHT. 1908. BY 
THE TORCH PRESS 



W- 



:^'U\ 






To the 
Memory of an American 
Citizen of the Highest Type 
Benjamin Evans Porter 
this Representation of Our 
Country's Earlier Days is 
Dedicated with Sisterly 
Affection : : : : : 



He could not frame a word unfit. 

An act umeorth}/ to be done — EMERSON 



Contents 



Introduction .... 
Chapter I 

Childhood 
Chapter II 

Girlhood and Marriage 
Chapter III 

Anne Royall in Her Prime 
Chapter IV 

Northern Tour 
Chapter V 

Mrs. Royall as an Author 
Chapter VI 

Freemasonry .... 
Chapter VII 

Mrs. Royall versus Evangelicalism 
Chapter VIII 

The Trial .... 
Chapter IX 

Mrs. Royall as a Journalist 
Chapter X 

Paul Pry .... 
Chapter XI 

The Huntress .... 
Chapter XII 

The West .... 
Chapter XIII 

Old Age .... 

Chapter XIV 

Conclusion .... 
Appendices 

Appendix A . 

Appendix B . 

Appendix C . 



9 

17 

31 

44 

59 

76 

92 

114 

131 

146 

166 

177 

192 

212 

228 

239 
247 
254 



Introduction 

In overflowing measure ridicule, injustice, and 
vilifying persecution were poured upon Anne Royall \ 
while she yet walked on earth — the most widely 
known woman of her day and country. Dead, she 
has been long forgotten. Nine readers out of ten, 
seeing her name upon this title-page, will ask, "Who 
was Anne Royall?" 

Even in the city of Washington, the scene of her 
greatest and longest activity, Mrs, Royall is thought 
of, by the few who think of her at all, as a shrill- 
tongued old infidel, beggar, and black-mailer who, 
convicted by jury of being a common scold, narrowly 
escaped an official ducking in the Potomac. This 
unpleasing picture of Anne Royall, along with a 
mythical story that she was for years a captive among 
Indians, is preserved in several more or less gossipy 
contributions to Washingtoniana, and from them has 
been copied, almost word for word, by the biograph- 
ical dictionaries and encyclopaedias. 

An allusion in an important historical work to 
"that common scold, Anne Royall," aroused my cu- 
riosity. I sought Mrs. Royall's ten volumes of Trav- 
els in the United States and the files of her news- 
papers published weekly for nearly a quarter of a 
century in Washington, D. C. In spite of their crude 



10 INTRODUCTION 

vehemence, I found these writings to be the expression 
of a sane, generous, virile and entertaining personality. 

Led by psychological, rather than by historical, 
interest, I began a search for Mrs. Royall's maiden 
name and other primary biographical facts concern- 
ing her which had long been missing. Searching for 
those facts has been like hunting for a dozen needles, 
each hidden in a different haystack. Ancient re- 
cords of the District of Columbia, of five states, and 
of more than a score of cities have been scanned care- 
fully; many libraries and bookshops have been ran- 
sacked; correspondence has been carried on with sec- 
retaries of Masonic lodges and with local historians 
in many different sections of the United States; the 
War Department, the Pension Office, the State De- 
partment and the Bureau of Indian Affairs have 
yielded help ; annals of the American Revolution have 
been studied; every line of Mrs. Royall's voluminous 
writings has been read, and oral tradition has been 
sifted with care. My research has covered several 
years. The result is the discovery of biographical 
material which seems to show that Mrs. Royall was 
really far less black than she has been painted. 

Anne Royal, however, is not a figure of historic 
national importance. Neither do her writings pos- 
sess sufficient intrinsic merit to rank as literature. 
Nevertheless, there are good reasons why the dust 
of prejudice and oblivion should be blown from her 
tomb. In the first place, justice is due her. It is 
never too late to right a wrong where biography is 
concerned. Anne Royall's life-span stretched from 
George the Third to the political rise of Abraham 



INTRODUCTION 11 

Lincoln. Her personal history is more closely inter- 
twined with, and more analogous to, the growth of 
our Republic than that of any other woman of whom 
record is preserved. Her courage deserves remem- 
brance. At a time when a narrow, and now obsolete, 
theology reigned almost supreme in the United States, 
Anne Royal dared to think her own thoughts, and to 
proclaim them from the house-tops — often, it must 
be confessed, in ungentle words. In regard to Cal- 
vinistic dogmas, she stood exactly where the churches 
that condemned her stand today. IMrs. Royall was 
an observant traveler. She visited every city, 
town, and village of importance in the United 
States of her day. Her recorded impressions and de- 
scriptions of her joumeyings are of considerable 
sociological importance to the student of American 
culture-history. She was a pioneer woman journalist. 
During thirty years there was not a famous man or 
woman in the country whom Mrs. Royall did not 
interview. She met and talked with every man who 
became President of the United States from George 
"Washington to Abraham Lincoln, inclusive. Many of 
her almost innumerable pen-portraits of noted Amer- 
icans are of extreme historical value. During the 
long Jacksonian era, Mrs. Royall was a force. Against 
that shadowy army, the alleged secret Church and 
State party, she wielded her free-lance with superb 
courage and telling effect. She very materially aided 
the cause of Freemasonry. In short, Anne Royall's 
life, in personal desire, thought, and effort, made for 
race-advancement. Why, then, the question is quick- 
ly asked, has Anne Royall been forgotten — the im- 



12 INTRODUCTION 

plication of the query being that the world remembers 
everybody worth remembering. The world does no 
such thing. For instance, the world has quite for- 
gotten Hubert Languet, the man who made Sir Philip 
Sidney what he became — the ideal answering to the 
Avord "gentleman" wherever the English language is 
spoken. Yet not oftener than once in a century is a 
mind like that of Hubert Languet embodied on this 
planet. The world is always in a hurry. When 
great social and political changes come tumbling over 
each other many men and women worthy of remem- 
brance go under and never reappear upon the sea of 
popular thought. The cataclysm of the civil war in 
our own country buried hundreds of thinkers and 
doers — many of them far abler persons than Anne 
Royall. 

Furthermore, the causes for which Mrs. Royall 
worked — sound money, Sunday mail-transportation, 
liberal immigration laws, and the like — were not 
soul-compelling. They appealed to reason and to 
common-sense rather than to the emotions. The dis- 
repute into which her fierce opposition to the pre- 
vailing theology of her day brought her, also hastened 
her march to oblivion. In some places almost entire 
editions of her books were bought and destroyed by 
her opponents. It was Mrs. Royall 's misfortune not 
to live in Boston. New England always remembers 
her minor as well as her major prophets — those that 
she stoned no less than those that she received gladly. 
Washington, on the other hand, has been until very 
recently, a city of shifting population. Each admin- 
istration brought in its own celebrities. The old 



INTRODUCTION 13 

( les, especially the shabby old ones like Mrs. Roy all, 
ere soon lost to sight. Not until the formation of 
le Columbia Historical Society in 1895 did either 
Washington city or the country at large realize what 
mine of wealth (information relating to every phase 

) ! American development) lay waiting to be worked 
, the national capital. 

But, after all, the main reason why Anne Royall 
lould be resurrected is the fact that, though long 
itombed, she is still very much alive. To speak in 
.e vernacular, she is exceedingly good fun. Her 
irsonality is so strong, her turns of speech are so 
lexpected, her common-sense is so refreshing, and 
ir ability in controversy to hit the nail on the head 
so unfailing that any reader with the slightest 
nse of humor must find her decidedly amusing. In 
-is biography, therefore, I shall, wherever possible, 
low Mrs. Royall to speak for herself. A few pref- 
ory statements, however, briefly epitomizing her 
reer, may prove useful to those who care to follow 
ironologieally the development of Anne Newport 
oyall's interesting personality. 

Anne Newport was born in Maryland, June 11, 

^ :^69. Leaving Maryland with her parents at the age 

^ ^" three years, she lived on the frontier of Pennsyl- 
mia until she was thirteen years old, suffering there 
1 the rigor and dangers of pioneer life in an Indian- 
lunted country. In 1797 she married Captain Wil- 
im Royall, an officer of the war of the American 
3volution, and a Virginia gentleman of wealth and 

ot high family. Anne first met Captain Royall, who 
as many years her senior, under romantic circum- 



14 INTRODUCTION 

stances and from him received the greater part of her 
excellent education. Left a widow and losing, by an 
adverse legal decision, the fortune bequeathed to her 
by her husband, Mrs. Royall came to Washington in 
1824, hoping to secure a pension from Congress. 
Aided by the Masons, she traveled extensively in the 
United States between the years 1824 and 1831 and 
also, between those dates, published a novel and ten 
volumes of Travels. In 1831 she established in Wash- 
ington a small newspaper named Paul Pry — an in- 
dependent sheet which fought vigorously Anti-Mason- 
ry, the Church and State supporters, and the United 
States Bank. Contrary to traditional belief (founded 
on its unfortunate name and the adoption of that 
name by several vile sheets of a later date) the Paul 
Pry did not deal in scandal. Both Paul Pry and its 
far abler successor, The Huntress, were clean news- 
papers. 

In 1829 Mrs. Royall was arrested, tried, and con- 
victed in Washington on the charge of being a com- 
mon scold — a charge which was obsolete even in the 
remotest parts of Europe at that date. The accusation 
was brought by persons connected with a small Pres- 
byterian congregation which worshiped in an engine 
house near Mrs. Royall 's dwelling on Capitol Hill. 
There is much reason to believe, however, that the 
real instigators of the arrest were men living outside 
of Washington, and prominently identified with the 
then burning question of Anti-Masonry and other 
causes and institutions which Anne Royall had bitterly 
and effectively attacked in her widely read Black Book. 



INTRODUCTION 15 

Mrs. Royall continued to edit The Huntress up 
to within a few weeks of lier death, which occurred at 
Washington, October 1, 1854. 

Perhaps nothing could more plainly show the 
enormous activity of Anne Royall 's life than the 
appendix, at the end of this volume, to which atten- 
tion is respectfully asked. Every name there given 
represents a personage once of local or national im- 
portance. For lack of space hundreds of other 
names have been omitted. It is hoped that even this 
partial index may prove useful to state, town, and 
family historians, to newspaper men and women and, 
in some degree at least, to general students of United 
States history. 

For aid in unearthing facts concerning the life 
of Anne Royall my thanks are due, and sincerely 
given, to Dr. Ainsworth Rand Spofford, Mr. David 
Hutcheson, Mr. John G. Morrison, Mr. Hugh A. Mor- 
rison Jr., Mr, W. T. Moore, and j\Ir. W. D. Johnston, 
of The Library of Congress ; to Mr. William L. Boy- 
den, of The Library of the Supreme Council, 33° ; to 
Mr. W. R. McDowell, Mr. H. G. Crocker and Miss 
Kathryn Sellers, of The State Department Library; 
to Miss Anna Pope, of the Pension Office; to Mr. 
John T. Loomis, Mr. W, B. Bryan, and Hon. Mont- 
gomery Blair, of Washington; to Hon. J. C. Me- 
Laugherty, of Union, West Virginia, and, immeasur- 
ably, to Mrs. Eva Grant Maloney, of Craig City, Vir- 
ginia. For advice as to values, and information 
concerning proper arrangement of the appendix 
I owe much to Dr. Edward Allen Fay, editor of The 
American Annals of the Deaf. To Mr. G. A. Lyon, 



16 INTRODUCTION 

Jr., of the editorial staff of The Washington Evening 
Star, I am very deeply indebted for encouragement 
and for most valuable literary criticism. 

S. H. P. 
"Ben-Evan," Keene, 
Essex Co., N. Y. 
June, 1908 



CHAPTER I 

Childhood 

The pioneer phase of life in the United States 
is almost forgotten. The Indian is no longer the most 
terrifying factor in new settlements. He has even 
dropped out of literature. Editions of Cooper's 
works have become infrequent. The dime novel, its 
yellow cover picturing a swooning heroine borne in 
the arms of a mounted hero from pursuing savages, 
is no more. The scalping-knife and the tomahawk 
have been relegated to museums. The names of Jack- 
son, Grant, and Lincoln have saved the word "log- 
cabin" from oblivion, but of the daily life in and 
around those primitive little houses which once formed 
a chain of mimic forts from the edge of the thirteen 
Atlantic states westward over the Alleghanies to the 
Mississippi, the present generation possesses but the 
haziest notions. 

The passing from the national memory of the 
details of pioneer expansion is to be regretted, for 
those early struggles against forest, soil, climate, wild 
beasts, and Indians were the growth-roots of our best 
and soundest citizenship. For a long time the word 
West was very loosely used to denote the entire region 
lying beyond the Alleghany mountains and extending 
from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. The men and 
women who pushed forward from the older settlements 



18 ANNE KOYALL 

into this so-called ' * western ' ' wilderness sought neither 
gold, nor adventure, nor the establishment of any one 
form of religious faith. Their sole object was to se- 
cure that blessing most highly prized in all ages by 
the Anglo-Saxon heart — a private home. Out of the 
home, through common privation, danger and neigh- 
borly cooperation, civic ethics was born. 

From Maryland, about the year 1772, went forth 
a man called William Newport, accompanied by his 
wife, Mary, and two little daughters. The elder 
daughter, named Anne for the English Queen Anne, 
was then three years old. Anne Newport was born 
in Maryland, June 11, 1769. Apparently, the New- 
port family went first to Middle River, Virginia, 
where Mrs. Newport had relatives named Anderson. 
From thence, with a company of Virginia people, the 
Newports emigrated to the frontier of Pennsylvania, 
where we find them in 1775 living in Westmoreland 
county, near the mouth of the Loyalhanna. 

A mystery hangs over William Newport which his 
daughter Anne never revealed although, in later life, 
under her married name of Anne Royall, she freely 
interspersed her voluminous writings with autobio- 
graphical reminiscences. Presumably, Newport was 
a tory. He took many long journeys on secret er- 
rands. He was not popular with his co-emigrants and 
there are indications that he was a discontented man, 
though kind and affectionate toward his family. He 
was evidently a man of education. He taught his 
elder daughter the rudiments of reading by the then 
uncommon method of phonetic resemblance, and kept 
her supplied with children 's books even in their forest 



ANNE ROYALL 19 

home. The father of Anne Newport Royall may have 
been only a common emigrant but there is a bare 
possibility that, under the disadvantage of the bar 
sinister, Calvert aAd, therefore (again under the bar 
sinister through that merry monarch, Charles II), 
Stuart blood flowed in William Newport's veins. The 
value of the result for present purposes hardly justi- 
fies working out this intricate genealogical hypothesis. 
One or two curious suggestions concerning it, how- 
ever, are worth noting. 

The early Maryland archives mention but one 
"William Newport. In a letter to Governor Sharpe, 
dated 1767, Lord Baltimore writes from London: 

"An absurd report, I am informed, has been 
spread through the Province that my late uncle, Mr. 
Calvert's son, was doubted to be Legitimate and con- 
sequently I had settled the Province on him after my 
death. Whereas Mr. Calvert has appointed me by 
his will his Guardian and Executor, expressly declares 
him as not Legitimate and before his death gott me 
to give him an annuity by the name he goes by of 
Mr. Newport, son of Judith, I forgett her name." 

An old Maryland list of persons to whom official 
allowances were made, records: "Four hundred 
pounds of tobacco to William Newport." When the 
Proprietary government of Maryland fell of course 
all annuities, whether paid in money or tobacco, 
ceased. About this time Anne Newport's father left 
Maryland forever. His frontier cabin was rather bet- 
ter furnished than the dwellings of his pioneer neigh- 
bors. Anne writes: 

"Our cabin, or camp, rather, was very small — 
not more than eight or ten feet. This contained one 



20 ANNE ROYALL 

bed, four wooden stools with legs stuck in them 
through augur holes, half a dozen tin cups and the 
like number of pewter plates, knives, forks and spoons, 
though my sister (very mischievous) broke one of the 
spoons and seriously damaged one of the plates, for 
which I was chastised. Besides these we had a tray 
and a frying-pan, a camp kettle and a pot; and our 
cabin was considered the best furnished on the fron- 
tier. A pewter dish or spoon, in those days, were 
considered articles of opulence — two-thirds of the 
people of the frontiers ate with mussel shells, and I 
have had a great admiration for mussel shells ever 
since; for my sister soon lost, or broke together our 
half dozen spoons. Besides the things I have men- 
tioned, we had a table made of a puncheon (a tree 
split in half) and which like the other furniture, was 
graced with four substantial legs of rough hewed 
white oak. I think we had towels, but as for a table- 
cloth, I had never seen one to my knowledge; and 
neither box nor trunk incommoded us. There were 
a few skins upon which reposed those who thought 
proper to share them. Sometimes we had bread and 
always plenty of corn-meal and jerk (dried venison)." 

Anne Royall 's was not a nurse-guarded childhood. 
Reared among wild birds, wild beasts, and wild men 
— small wonder that a flavor of wildness marked her 
character to the end of her long life. The Newport 
cabin stood upon a wooded hill called by the first 
settlers Mount Pisgah. 

"On the summit of the hill stood an enormous 
tree which overtopped its neighbors. At the junction 
of the limbs with the tree there was a large nest, 
which had remained there from time immemorial and 
was still inhabited by the bald eagle. There were 
three eagles, two of which were of amazing size and 
strength. They would carry large sticks of wood to 
their nest, for miles, as stout as a man's arm, from 



ANNE ROYALL 21 

three to five feet in length. Standing in our door 
we could see them every day (at the season of feeding 
their young) carrying fish from the Loyalhanna. We 
saw the fish distinctly, struggling in their talons; 
sometimes they would drop them, and darting back 
to the river would soon appear with another. They 
always passed each other on the way and were con- 
stantly adding to their nest, which could not have been 
less than four or five feet in diameter, and it was sup- 
posed the weight of the nest would finally break down 
the tree." 

Red-Ridinghood saw but one wolf. Little Anne 
Royall saw a whole pack. 

**A man called at our hut one day and asked for 
a drink. My mother sent me to the spirng with a tin 
cup for water. As I drew near the spring a large 
gang of wolves, as I found out afterward, trotted 
across the spring without deigning to look at me. 
When I returned to the house, I informed my mother 
that I had seen a large gang of dogs at the spring." 

Every living thing found its way to the spring 
that bubbled up, cold and clear, at the base of a giant 
hemlock. Going to the spring was a perilous under- 
taking for little folks, but chubby, stout-fisted Anne 
never quailed but once — when a big black snake 
chased her, hissing at her bare heels, for several rods. 
The Newport cabin was the last house in the settle- 
ment between that point and Pittsburg. 

Next to corn-meal, the greatest necessity of the 
frontier people was salt. Each fall a caravan of 
pack-horses, laden with peltry which was to be ex- 
changed for salt, started out from the settlement to 
the nearest town. A bushel of alum salt, says Ker- 
cheval in his History of the Valley of Virginia, was 



22 ANNE ROYALL 

worth a good cow and calf. Until weights were intro- 
duced, Kercheval continues, "the salt was measured 
into the half-bushel as lightly as possible. No one 
was permitted to walk heavily over the floor while the 
operation was going on." 

Fashion was not a disturbing factor in frontier 
life. The men wore leather trousers and leggings and 
a hunting-shirt made full enough to serve as a pouch 
for provisions. The scalping-knife always formed 
part of a frontiersman's equipment. Women and 
girls wore gowns of linsey-woolsey spun, woven, and 
dyed by their own hands. It should never be forgot- 
ten that manufacturing in the United States was bom 
of woman in a log-cabin. "When the men who went 
out with the caravan returned to the settlements they 
always brought back a neck-handkerchief to each of 
their women-folks. A fresh neck-handkerchief was 
considered full dress regalia for a woman or girl. 
When Anne Royall wishes to express her direst pov- 
erty she writes, "I was forced to sell my last neck- 
handkerchief. ' ' 

Both sexes, when they did not go barefooted, 
wore moccasins made of deer skin. The moccasins 
were held together by thongs, commonly called 
whangs. Cuttiag out whangs by firelight was the 
usual evening occupation of the younger members of 
a frontier family. Thorns were used to fasten small 
articles of clothing. Mrs. Royall says, "I' never saw 
a pin until I was as tall as I am now. ' ' 

During the Revolution the English called in the 
Indians as allies, thus bringing down upon the almost 
defenseless pioneers the unutterable horrors of border 



ANNE ROY ALL 23 

warfare. Nowhere was the butchery caused by this 
unholy alliance more constant and terrible than in 
Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania. The hatred of 
England, which has hardly yet died out in some 
portions of the United States, was caused, not by 
unjust taxation but by the unforgettable, unforgivable 
fact that the mother-country set savages on to murder, 
by horrible torture, men, women, and children of her 
own blood. 

" 'Twas a foul deed which ought never to be for- 
gotten or forgiven," wrote Anne Royall bitterly half 
a century afterward. 

We get a glimpse of little Anne's generous, im- 
pulsive nature from an incident of her childhood at 
Mount Pisgah: 

"A vast number of sugar trees grew in that 
region, and my mother employed herself in the spring 
of the year in making sugar. I was about four or 
five years old when, my father being on a journey, 
and my mother as usual being at the sugar camp, had 
left my sister (younger than myself) in the house 
by ourselves. The spring was far advanced, and as 
my sister and myself were amusing ourselves by catch- 
ing butterflies before the cabin door late on a warm, 
sunshiny afternoon, we were surprised by a gentleman 
on horseback, who rode up to us and asked if he 
might stay all night. We stood still staring at the 
gentleman, not knowing what answer to make, till he 
inquired where our parents were and what were their 
names. I was always first to speak and said, 'My 
mamma is at the sugar camp and her name is Mary. 
My papa's name is William.' 

" 'I shall stop,' said the man. Alighting from 
his horse and taking off the saddle, he laid it down 
by the door and asked me if we had a stable to put 



24 ANNE ROYALL 

horses in. I told him I did not know what that was — 
but we put old Bonny in the pen there, pointing it 
out to him. 

" 'Have you any com?' asked the gentleman. 

" 'Yes sir, we have corn in the crib,' 

" 'You are a fine girl, come and show me the 
crib,' he said, smiling, and after turning his horse 
in the pen I ran to show him the crib, communicating 
every incident within my memory to him without 
reserve, at which he laughed heartily and chatted with 
me in return. But a violent dispute succeeded to 
this. I told him he took too much corn for his horse ; 
he must not take more than twelve ears, that was all 
we gave Bonny. He gave the best of reasons why 
his horse should have more than Bonny, but he argued 
to the wind. Our parents had laid down certain 
rules for us to go by and these were as firm and 
steadfast as the laws of the Medes and Persians. I 
did not grudge him the corn but I thought he was a 
novice in the art of feeding a horse. Finally, he was 
forced to let me have my own way. 

"The gentleman on entering the hut asked if we 
had anything to eat. 'I am very hungry; I have 
eaten nothing since morning.' 

" 'We have plenty of jerk in the chimney,' I re- 
plied. He soon had a piece in his hand and, hearing 
a hen at the door, he asked if we had any eggs. My 
sister, upon hearing the inquiry, ran out to a nest 
hard by and brought in four eggs and gave them 
to him. He made a hole in the ashes and covered 
up the eggs. Having salt and biscuit with him, he 
made a hearty meal. He gave us a cake each. It was 
near night and after taking a walk to look at his 
horse, the gentleman, being weary, said he would lie 
down. He had travelled that day from Pittsburg. 
I offered him the only bed in the house, saying we 
could sleep on the floor, we had done so many a time. 
He declined the offer and throwing himself down on 
a bearskin, said that would do very well. ' I am used 



ANNE ROYALL 25 

to camping out. This will be delightful.' He threw 
himself on the floor. I ran and brought him three 
or four more skins but seeing I was hardly able to 
drag them along, he laughed and took them from 
me. He put his saddle under his head and I took 
a square quilt and threw it over him. In a very few 
minutes he was fast asleep, and still my mother came 
not, although it was quite dark. I put my sister to 
bed, as she was sleepy, and sat up alone. ' ' 

A little later, Mrs. Newport, accompanied by an 
Irishwoman, commonly known as Aunt Molly Carra- 
han, came home. Great was the terror of the two 
women when they saw a man lying on the floor. They 
at once suspected the stranger of being a British spy 
in command of, or recruiting Indians. Soundly they 
scolded Anne for her mistaken hospitality. Crest- 
fallen, the little girl crept to her bed. 

"Faith, and he looks for all the world like Paddy 
Dunahan, that was hung in Limerick for the killing 
of Dennis O'Shean," whispered Aunt Molly. As a 
means of defence, should the man show signs of 
hostility, the women hung a huge kettle filled with 
water on the crane in the fireplace. They kept the 
water boiling all night. "If he offers to stir, I'll 
scald his eyes out," threatened Aunt Molly. 

But the strange visitor did nothing more violent 
than to snore occasionally. In the morning he made 
proper explanation and apology to the two ladies, 
who were highly delighted with him. Anne says: 

"Breakfast was prepared for him before he set 
out and his horse fed. At his departure he gave me 
a silver dollar, the first I ever saw. Who do you 
think the gentleman was? No less than the amiable 
Mr. Findlay, long a member of Congress from Penn- 



26 ANNE EOYALL 

sylvania, distinguished for his republican principles, 
and one of the ablest men in the state. He used to 
be called 'the walking library' from his knowledge 
of books and he was one of the finest looking men in 
the world. ' ' 

One never-to-be-forgotten summer afternoon Anne 
Royall came into her own. She learned to read. 

"Here in the woods near the Loyalhanna I first 
learned to sing Fire on the Mountains. I recollect 
well, too, after receiving from my father a little in- 
sight into the sounds of letters and putting them 
together I went out and sat alone upon a small stump 
before the cabin door, and went through several pages 
by myself. I learned to read in the course of the 
afternoon. The joy I felt in both these acquirements 
was unspeakably great. ' ' 

Very likely the little girl who sat upon the forest 
stump gloating over the newly-fathomed mystery of 
print was of neither Calvert nor of Stuart lineage. 
But she might well have been of both, for the lords 
of Baltimore were all men of brains. Of one of them 
Frederick the Great wrote, "Lord Baltimore and I 
talked much of philosophy, art, science — in short, 
of all that is included in the taste of a cultivated 
people." 

The scene recalls, too, the eagerness for reading — 
as described by Lord Harrington — of Elizabeth, the 
little Stuart Princess later famous in history as the 
unfortunate "Winter Queen" and ancestress of a 
long line of royal descendants. The mental resem- 
blance of Anne Royall to Elizabeth's daughter, Sophia, 
electress of Hanover, and mother of George I of Eng- 
land, is absolutely startling to one who has studied 
both women. Many of Sophia's reflective but ener- 



ANNE ROYALL 27 

getic letters might have been written by Mrs. Royall, 
while many of the latter 's fearless acts might easily 
have been performed by the indomitable electress. 

The Newport family were driven from Mount 
Pisgah by Indians. They moved nearer a fort or, 
rather, near three forts — Hannastown, Shields 's, and 
a fortified house called Deniston's. The clearing 
where the Newports next lived, *'if it could be called 
living," writes Anne, was a small settlement which 
Mrs. Royall indistinctly remembers as "Moore's," but 
which, perhaps, may have been Miller's Station. Anne 
Royall spent so much of her early life in one or anoth- 
er of these so-called forts that the following description 
by Kercheval may well be quoted here. It is probably 
the most accurate picture extant of a pioneer fort 
in the early days of United States expansion : 

"My reader will understand by this term not only 
a place of defence, but the residence of a small number 
of families belonging to the same neighborhood. As 
the Indian mode of warfare was an indiscriminate 
slaughter of all ages and both sexes, it was requisite 
to provide for the safety of the women and children 
as well as for that of the men. The fort consisted of 
cabins, block-houses and stockades. A range of cabins 
commonly formed at least one side of the fort. 
Divisions or partitions of logs separated the cabins 
from each other. The walls on the outside were ten 
or twelve feet high, the slope of the roof being turned 
wholly inward. A very few of the cabins had pun- 
cheon floors; the greater part were of earth. 

' ' The block-houses were built at the angles of the 
cabins and stockades. Their upper stories were about 
eleven inches larger every way than the center one, 
leaving an opening at the commencement of the sec- 
ond story, to prevent the enemy from making a lodg- 



28 ANNE ROYALL 

ment under their walls. In some forts instead of 
block-houses the angles of the forts were furnished 
with bastions. A large folding gate made of thick 
slabs, nearest the spring, closed the fort. The stock- 
ades, cabins and block-house walls were furnished with 
port-holes at proper heights and distances. The whole 
of the outside was completely bullet-proof. 

"It may be truly said that 'necessity is the 
mother of invention,' for the whole of this work was 
made without the aid of a single nail or spike of 
iron, and for this reason — such things were not to 
be had. In some places less exposed, a single block- 
house, with a cabin or two, constituted the entire fort. 
As the Indians had no artillery they seldom attacked 
and scarcely ever took one of these forts." 

Families actually grew callous to the danger of 
Indian attacks. Mrs. Royall tells of one extremely 
neat pioneer housewife who refused to fly from ap- 
proaching savages until she had swept and dusted, 
saying, "I can't go off and leave such a looking 
house. ' ' 

Kercheval, whose book has become very rare, 
gives a vivid description of a family preparing for 
flight. Many times little Anne Royall took part in 
a similar scene : 

"I well remember that, when a little boy, the 
family were sometimes waked up in the night by an 
express with a report that the Indians were at hand. 
The express came softly to the door or back window, 
and by a gentle tapping waked the family. This was 
easily done as an habitual fear made us ever watchful 
to the slightest alarm. The whole family was instant- 
ly in motion. My father seized his gun and other 
implements of war; my step-mother got up and 
dressed the children as well as she could; and being 



ANNE ROYALL 29 

myself the eldest of the children, I had to take my 
share of the burthens to be carried to the fort; there 
was no possibility of getting a horse in the night 
to aid us in removing to the fort. Beside the little 
children, we caught up what articles of clothing and 
provision we could get hold of in the dark, for we 
durst not light a candle or even stir the fire. All 
this was done with the utmost dispatch and the 
silence of death, the greatest care being taken not to 
awaken the youngest child. To the rest it was enough 
to say, 'INDIANS,' and not a whimper was heard 
afterward. Thus it often happened that the whole 
number of families belonging to a settlement, who 
were in the evening in their homes were all in their 
little fortress before dawn of the next morning. In 
the course of the succeeding day their household fur- 
niture was brought in by parties of men under arms." 

While living at Moore's, or Miller's, Mr. and 
Mrs. Newport placed their two little girls for safety 
with different families living some distance apart in 
fortified houses. Anne went to a family named Den- 
iston. While there she attended a field school, or 
school in a forest clearing. All that she learned at 
this school, she says, was a ring game called "Under 
the Juniper tree." 

About this time William Newport drops out of 
sight. We have no hint as to the manner or time 
of his death. Anne, ever reticent about her father, 
simply tells us that soon after his death her mother 
married again. The name of Mrs. Newport's second 
husband was Butler. The issue of this second mar- 
riage was a son named James. James Butler was 
twelve or thirteen years younger than his half-sister, 
Anne Newport. He rose to prominence as a colonel 



30 ANNE ROYALL 

in the war of 1812. In his later life, Colonel James 
Butler lived in Connersville, Indiana. 

Anne 's mother was a woman of much strength of 
character. She was skilled in the medicine of herbs 
and acted as physician to the entire settlement. Her 
personal appearance was pleasing. "My mother/' 
says Anne, "was a low, light woman and considered 
the prettiest of her day, though, like myself, she was 
undersized." 

Anne, in her youth, was plump as a partridge, 
with pink cheeks, fair hair, very blue and very bright 
eyes, and strong white teeth that showed to advan- 
tage when she laughed which, says one who knew 
her, she was always doing. 

Anne's sister appears to have remained with the 
family in which she was placed. She married a man 
named Cowan from the neighborhood of the Newports' 
first home at Mount Pisgah. After Mrs. Butler's 
second marriage the family, with the exception of 
Anne's younger sister, moved to Hannastown. 



CHAPTER II 

Girlhood and Marriage 

Hannastown, Pennsylvania, near where Greens- 
burg now stands, was the first place west of the 
Alleghany mountains where the white man ruled by 
legal forms. In 1773 the settlement of Hannastown 
was made the seat of Westmoreland county. It con- 
sisted of about thirty log dwellings, a wooden court- 
house, a jail, and a fort. Robert Hanna was the first 
presiding judge of the court held there. The first 
court of common pleas held in the United States was 
held at Fort Pitt by General Forbes, whose army 
passed through Hannastown. On this occasion little 
Anne Newport saw the new flag of the new United 
States for the first time. Writing long afterward, the 
twenty-second of February, she says: 

"This day, the anniversary of our beloved Wash- 
ington, was ushered in by all manner of rejoicing. 
The star-spangled banner is now waving from the 
cupola before my window. While I sat with my eyes 
on the flag my mind was thrown back to the Revolu- 
tionary War, and whilst I gazed on this emblem of our 
liberty, I thought of the day when I first saw the 
colors of the then conflicting states; the occasion nor 
the date I do not now remember. But I well remem- 
ber the brilliant striped flag. I was then a child and 
lived at Hannastown, not far from Pittsburg. I was 
standing in the street one morning with other little 



32 ANNE ROYALL 

children and happening to turn my eyes in the direc- 
tion of Pittsburg, I caught a glimpse of soldiers march- 
ing into the town, their colors flying and drums beat- 
ing. I remember the order of march — I remember, 
too, that there were several women. I never see the 
United States colors since that they do not recall that 
day. The whole repasses again before me, and with 
it all the sufferings of those trying times. I suffered 
all that human nature could bear, both with cold and 
hunger. Oh, ye wealthy of those times! little idea 
had ye of what the poor frontier settlers suffered ! 
often running for our lives to the forts, the Indians 
pursuing and shooting at us. At other times lying 
concealed in brushwood, exposed to rain and snakes, 
for days and nights without food, and almost without 
clothes; we were half the time without salt or bread; 
we pinned our scanty clothing with thorns; lived on 
bear's meat and dried venison." 

Hannastown was totally destroyed by Indians 
July 13, 1782. "On that day," writes Anne Royall, 
* ' my heart first learned the nature of care. ' ' 

The people who were in the town at the time the 
Indians approached fled to the fort and, with one ex- 
ception, were saved. But many of the wives and 
daughters of the wealthier class were guests at a wed- 
ding celebration at Miller's Station, a few miles dis- 
tant from Hannastown. A large crowd of young 
people from Hannastown, drawn by a desire to see the 
wedding fun, had also gone to Miller's. The house 
in which the ceremony had just been celebrated was 
attacked by the savages. The slaughter was terrible. 
Amid heartrending scenes, many captives were taken, 
among them Mrs. Hanna and her two beautiful daugh- 
ters. After hours of massacre, the Indians, sated 
with blood and pillage, collected their prisoners 



ANNE ROYALL 33 

(among them sixty women and girls) and, loading 
them heavily with plunder, drove them, like cattle, 
northward. An old writer says: 

' ' Heavy were the hearts of the women and maidens 
as they were driven into captivity. Who can tell the 
bitterness of their sorrow? They looked, as they 
thought, for the last time upon the dear fields of their 
coimtry and of civilized life. They thought of their 
fathers, their husbands, brothers and sweethearts. As 
their eyes streamed with tears, the cruelty and uncer- 
tainty which himg over their fate as prisoners of sav- 
ages overwhelmed them with despair." 

Tradition has long insisted that Anne Newport 
was one of these captives. The legend is to be doubted. 
In all the millions of words that she wrote, Mrs. Royall 
nowhere states that she was ever held prisoner by In- 
dians. Such an experience would have been journalis- 
tically valuable. She would hardly have passed it 
over in silence. The probability is that her frequent 
allusions to being "brought up among the Indians," 
"learning virtue and independence from the lords of 
the forest," etc., misled careless readers. From what 
were really only references to her pioneer childhood a 
captivity legend might easily, and probably did, grow 
up. Her alleged rescue by Captain Royall, the Vir- 
ginia gentleman of wealth and high family, whom she 
married, made a romantic ending to the story. The 
biographical dictionaries and encyclopaedias all con- 
tain the tale. 

Mr. Butler did not long survive the destruction 
of Hannastown. He may have been killed by Indians 
in his own field as so many other men were in those 
uncertain days. Mrs. Butler and her two children, 



34 ANNE ROYALL 

Anne and James, wandered miserably back to Vir- 
ginia. In 1785 they passed through Staunton. They 
were in dire poverty. The following interesting ac- 
count of William Royall is substantially authentic, 
though founded of course on traditions handed down 
in the neighborhood from one generation to another. 
The sketch is kindly furnished for this biography by 
Mrs. Eva Grant Maloney, better laiown, perhaps, as 
a writer, under her maiden name, Eva Grant. Mrs. 
Maloney writes : 

"In early days there was no wagon road from 
Fincastle to Staunton — two frontier posts — to the 
Sweet Springs. Persons walked the foot-paths or took 
pack-saddle trains. I think, perhaps, wagons could 
travel from Staunton to Fincastle — it was then called 
Monroe — but from that point pack-saddles for 
freight, and horse-back or foot were the only means 
of transportation across the mountains. At what was 
then called Middle Mountain my great-grandfather, 
Thomas Price, a Lieutenant in the Revolutionary war, 
lived. One of his friends and neighbors. Captain 
William Royall, lived about fourteen miles farther 
west on what was called Sweet Springs Mountain. 
People going to Royall's necessarily passed Price's 
and stopped going and coming. 

"William Royall was an elderly gentleman and 
considered very learned, possessing a great store of 
books which were treasures in the isolated fastnesses 
of the mountains. William Royall was called eccen- 
tric. He kept his cattle and horses in their natural 
state; there were neither geldings nor steers to be 
found in his herds. 

"The Sweet Springs were unknown at a distance 
but their fame was beginning to spread locally. There 
is a story, coming down unvarnished, which says that 
in one of the last raids made by the Indians into the 



ANNE KOYALLX^^ 35 

Holston country one big warrior was stricken with 
illness. His entire body was covered with sores. 
His tribe guided him, to the Sweet Springs and there 
buried him in mud arranged so that the waters could 
flow over him and he could just manage also to drink. 
There they left him with a supply of parched corn 
and the sweet waters. In a few weeks the warrior 
followed his tribe, and the story further has it that 
the tribe thought he was a ghost. 

"Now this story spread among the settlers and 
many of them made their way to the springs for 
cures. Among those who came, and stopped at my 
grandfather's for rest and food, was a poor woman 
much afflicted with sores and what we now call 'blood 
poison.' This white woman had a child with her and 
that child was Anne Royal. The woman, Anne's 
mother, went to the Sweet Springs and was taken in by 
the wealthy and eccentric old Captain William Royall. 
She was his wash-woman and menial — a subject of 
reproach of course to the slave-owning aristocratic 
neighbors; for few white women on our frontier had 
to be menials, and those only of the lowest class. 

"Now William Royall took an interest in little 
Anne and taught her until she became the most 
learned woman in all the county. He had a store of 
fine books and Anne read them all." 

This story of the meeting of Anne Newport and 
William Royall, Mrs. Maloney had from the lips of 
Mrs. Sarah Hamilton, now eighty-seven years of age. 
Mrs. Hamilton says that Anne was frequently at her 
grandfather's house and that her mother, who was 
married in 1809, liked and admired the bright, ener- 
getic girl. Mrs. Maloney adds: 

"Mrs. Hamilton says that when Anne developed 
into a writer her mother bought all her writings that 
she could. Mrs. Hamilton further says that her first 



36 , ANNE KOYALL 

husband, Dr. Thomas Wharton, collected all the infor- 
mation he could about Anne Royall and left it in 
manuscript when he died in 1836. This manuscript, 
unluckily, has been destroyed. Mrs. Hamilton, my 
aunt, is now 87 years old, in full possession of her 
great mental faculties, and has lived in Botetourt 
county all her life. She is an exceedingly intelligent 
woman, and having always been a woman of means 
and prominent family, has had rare opportunities for 
local observations and her store of information is 
practically endless. Anne Royall 's story, beginning 
in so humble a manner and ending in what seemed 
splendid fame to the quiet country people has been 
preserved intact just as I have written it here for 
you." 

According to Anne's marriage certificate, she was 
married to William Royall by Rev. William Martin 
in Botetourt county, November 18, 1797. But Mrs. 
Royall herself disputes this date of the official record, 
claiming a possible clerical error or tardiness in mak- 
ing the required governmental return of marriage. 
She says: 

"A mystery hangs over this certificate. I could 
swear that we were married in May and not in No- 
vember. The dogwood was in bloom and I was out 
sowing seeds when the messenger came with a saddle- 
horse for me to go and get married." 

At all events, whether the spring w^oods were 
white with dogwood-flower, or the ground carpeted 
with autumn's fallen leaves, young Anne Royall 
obeyed her old master's command with truly feudal 
willingness and submission. That she adored and rev- 
erenced him is beyond a doubt. Nevertheless, many 
of Royall 's friends and relatives claimed that there 
was never any real marriage. A bundle of ancient 



ANNE ROYALL 37 

yellow papers preserved in the Pension Office at Wash- 
ington settles that question, however. The dispute as 
to the legality of the marriage was threshed out again 
and again by Congressional Committees. The names 
of John Quiney Adams, Judge Taliaferro and other 
men of equally high standing are signed to the oft- 
reiterated statement, "There is no question as to the 
validity of the marriage." 

Captain Roy all ^v^is^a good husband of the bluff 
British Squire type. HI was both wealthy and gen- 
erous. Half a dozen times a year (on her birthday 
and at other festival times) he made over, legally, to 
his wife valuable gifts of property in land, houses, and 
slaves. It was Anne 's nature, too, to give, and during 
the sixteen years of her married life she experienced 
the joy — to her the greatest joy that could be vouch- 
safed — of scattering her bounty broadcast among the 
sick, the needy, and the sinful. Sinners always fared 
well where Anne Royall was, not because she condoned 
with sin but because she had unfailing faith in the 
reclamatory power of human sympathy. 

In summer, and when court was in session at 
Sweet Springs, the Royall mansion was always full 
of guests. As hostess, Anne met some of the first 
people of the state who, thanks to Captain Royall's 
jealous watchfulness, treated the former backwoods 
girl with the same deference that invariably marked 
her husband's demeanor toward her. 

In winter husband and wife read much together. 
French thought, filtered through Thomas Jefferson's 
mind, colored all William Royall's philosophy. More- 
over, Royall had served under Lafayette and passion- 



38 ANNE EOYALL 

ately admired that gallant Frenchman. It is not 
strange, therefore, that the first winter's reading in- 
cluded a full course in Voltaire, Anne's mind was 
ever hungry. She shared and agreed with every view, 
liking, or aversion held by her husband. To each she 
added a fire of enthusiasm that warmed the cockles 
of the old warrior's heart. William Royall's humor 
was of the dry, quiet, rather cynical order. Anne's 
sense of the ludicrous was an ever-bubbling spring 
constantly fed by the little happenings of every- 
day plantation life. In spite of the disparity of 
their ages, probably no other married couple ever 
found more happiness together than Captain Royall 
and his pioneer-bred wife. Often in winter evenings, 
when they sat before a crackling fire in the great hall, 
the old soldier described to his wife, while she sewed 
or embroidered, the campaigns he had fought. Those 
campaigns were well worth fighting over again. Wil- 
liam Royall did the nation good service — service 
which should have ensured his wife from want after 
she became a widow. Mrs. Royall writes, and there 
is no reason to think that she does not state facts 
although the actual oflfieial records were lost in the 
great fire at Richmond: 

"My husband raised the first company that was 
raised in Virginia — took his men (Patrick Henry- 
being one) and entered the ship where Lord Dunmore 
took refuge with all the ammimition he could lay hold 
of. Then these gentlemen (all of the first rank) took 
the whole of it away from him. My husband spent 
a fortune in the war. He was rich and generous. 
He brought the troops from Virginia and North Caro- 



ANNE KOYALL 39 

lina, after Gates' defeat, at his own expense to Guil- 
ford Courthouse, N. C. Entitled to ten rations a 
day, he never drew a dollar. He was Judge-Advocate 
to the Brigade, Judge-Advocate to the regiment, Pay- 
master to the Regiment and the same to the Brigade. 
He lost two fine horses, his servant and a portmanteau 
containing a hundred pounds in specie by the British 
at the battle of Petersburg, Va. General Lafayette 
ordered him to remove some American horses out of 
the way of the British. He did so, delivering them 
to the quartermaster. One was lost which cost him 
200 pounds." 

Lafayette afterward gave Mrs. Royall a note 
written by his own hand concerning her husband's 
valuable war-services. 

When Boston was blockaded by the British 
William Royall sent the citizens a sloop of wheat at 
his own expense. 

Often, too, in those long winter-evening talks, 
Royall descanted on the virtues and the glory of 
Masonry, telling Anne, over and over, what she after- 
ward had good reason to practice, "If ever you find 
yourself in trouble, appeal to a Mason." 

Anne Royall reverenced and idolized her husband. 
To the end of her long life, when traveling, she would 
go miles out of her way, often spending her last dollar 
for the purpose, to look upon a spot of earth his feet 
had once pressed. ^ 

William Royall was born where two generations 
of his ancestors (Welsh, and French Huguenot stock) 
had lived, at a place called Bermuda Hundred, near 
City Point, Virginia. Long years after her husband 's 



40 ANNE ROYALL 

death, Mrs. Royall turned aside from her route to visit 
his birthplace. She says: 

' ' This region near City Point which I was now to 
see for the first time, had for years been familiar to 
me. I had had the history of every inch of ground, 
swamp, tree, orchard, grove and garden ; the houses, 
the shores, the river, the sedge fields, even to the 
river banks. The very ducks in the swamps were as 
familiar as though I had spent my days there. It 
was the birthplace of my husband, where he had spent 
his boyhood and grew up to be a man. As we came 
in view of City Point, I naturally cast my eye over 
the well known marsh where, with his faithful spaniel 
and his gun, he passed whole days in pursuit of the 
shell drake. Over the river I saw the well known 
solitary house, peeping through a thick grove, where 
he spent his childhood some eighty years since. This 
house is at the Hundred which took its name from a 
creek. A little higher up the river is Shirley Plain, 
then the wharf, or where it once was — upon which 
the Guinea ships used to land their numerous slaves. 
I saw the grove through which he used to wander 
when young. The sight of all these places appeared 
like so many old acquaintances and filled me with a 
train of ineffable sadness." 

Mrs. Royall adds a pleasantly illuminative foot- 
note which shows that, in her young days, at least, 
she was easily managed: 

"His favorite spaniel was named Spad, and, from 
all accounts, he was worth his weight in gold. He 
would follow the wounded ducks for miles and bring 
them to his master. During our winter evenings my 
husband used to relate many of these ancient tales; 
and being extremely fond of fowling, many of these 
anecdotes related to his dog and his gun. But Spad, 
though the best of his kind when in good humour, 



ANNE EOYALL 41 

would sometimes get in the pouts and run home as 
fast as his legs would carry him. Deaf to all en- 
treaty, he would leave his master to get the ducks 
out of the water the best way he could. Whenever 
I got in the pouts, my husband would uniformly call 
me 'Spad,' which never failed to restore me to good 
humour. ' ' 

Anne was considerably afraid of the man she 
worshiped, for she lived in a day when the man was 
still "the head of the woman." The following anec- 
dote gives as clear a picture of old Captain Royall 
as Harry Fielding, himself, could have drawn. Re- 
ceiving news of an election in western Virginia, Mrs. 
Royal writes: 

''The people have elected C. G. Were there ever 
such fools ? They must have been intoxicated ! Can 
America stand? Can she preserve her liberty thus? 
She cannot. She ought not. They are prodigal of 
their sovereignty, indeed. It appears to be painful 
to them. To elect the greatest fool, by all odds the 
greatest fool in the country. You Imow he always 
has 'Lord Hale' in his mouth. This 'Lord Hale' 
(the new Representative) came to our house and spent 
a day. You know my husband's hospitality. He 
entertained all alike. Court was sitting at this time 
at Sweet Springs and this booby (how he ever came 
to be licensed as a lawyer is strange) while at the 
dinner table began to repeat a part of a defence he 
had made for a criminal. In doing this he referred 
to Lord Hale's 'Plea for the Crown.' Finding we 
were all silent, he took it for granted that we were 
all delighted, and launched out in praise of Demos- 
thenes and Cicero. My husband had remained silent 
until, weary of the fool, he at last asked, 'Who was 
this Demosthenes? I am very ignorant of these 
things?' 'You don't know who Demosthenes was? 



42 ANNE ROYALL 

Why, he was a great Eoman Emperor ; and Cato was 
another. There are very few things come amiss to 
me. ' Thus he kept on until he swept away all the great 
men of antiquity, whilst I suffered the ordeal in si- 
lence, since being at my own table, I dared not laugh. 
My husband never laughed at anything. But this day 
he did something much better. He always sat some 
time at table after the cloth was removed, and had 
a fashion of leaning forward, when displeased, upon 
his arms, which were usually crossed, at the same 
time biting his thumb. I always trembled when I 
saw this; nor dared I rise from the table until he 
made a signal. Though our house was usually full, 
we happened to have no one this day but 'Lord Hale.' 
At length, my husband, addressing his Lordship, said, 
'Now, what a damned fool you are! This is the way 
you expose yourself. Do you know you are a laugh- 
ing-stock for the whole country? My dog, Citizen (a 
favorite pointer) has more sense. Just go home and 
go to plowing, for, if my dog could speak he would 
make a better lawyer.' " 

Mrs. Royall adds, "C. C. took it in good part and 
said it was the best lesson he ever learned. ' ' She also 
admits, somewhat grudgingly, that in after years no 
matter which side C. C. took he always won. 

After sixteen years of contented married life, 
William Royall died of a painful and lingering illness 
through which his wife nursed him with tenderest love 
and care. His will was recorded at Monroe, March 
Court, 1813. It is a short document, but explicit. 

' ' In the name of God, AMEN. I, William Royall, 
of Monroe County, do make and ordain this, my last 
Will and Testament in manner and form following 
viz: I give unto my wife, Ann, the use of all my 
Estate, both Real and Personal, (except one tract 
of land) during her widowhood, I also give unto 



ANNE ROYALL 43 

Ann Malvina Cowan, when she comes of the age 
Eighteen, one bed and furniture, one Cow and Calf 
and one tract of Land lying and being at the mouth 
of Elk River as per patent bearing date etc, found 
in the county of Kennahway, or Four Hundred in 
leiu thereof, if she chuses, to her and her heirs for- 
ever. After my wife's decease I give all my Estate 
unto "William Archer, Son of John Archer, to him 
and his heirs forever. That my lands, or so much of 
them as will discharge all my debts, be sold for that 
purpose, 

"I do appoint my wife, Ann Royall, Executrix 
and William Archer Executor of this my last Will 
and Testament, revoking all others. Dated this fourth 
day of November, Eighteen hundred and Eight. 

"W. Royall (seal) 
' ' Signed in presence of 

"James Wiley 

"Mary Butler" 

William Archer was the son of a half-brother of 
William Royall. In his later life William Archer 
served as Representative in Congress, where his testi- 
mony proved of value in establishing the genuineness 
of Mrs. Royall's assertions as to her husband's long 
and valuable military service. Ann Cowan was the 
niece and namesake of Mrs. Royall. Apparently she 
lived with Captain and Mrs. Royall at Sweet Springs. 

The will was at once disputed by a nephew of 
Captain Royall. Ten years of litigation followed. 



CHAPTER III 

Anne Royall in Her Prime 

King Cophetua was dead, and his aristocratic rel- 
atives and friends were anxious to see his widow 
speedily return to her original beggar estate. 

William Royall was no sooner in his grave than 
slander began its best-loved task — the discrediting 
of marital relations, with all blame laid on the woman. 
The accusation was freely circulated through the 
county, even through the state, back to Amelia county 
where Royall was born, that Anne Newport was never 
legally married to the man who, in his last will and 
testament, called her his wife. That will, said those 
who were trying to break it, was either a forgery or 
was obtained from the old man by undue influence 
when he was in a state of partial senility. In connec- 
tion with the will, rumor coupled the name of a young 
lawyer with that of Anne to her discredit. The 
very phrasing of the will, itself, the clause allowing 
Anne to have the use of the property only during 
her widowhood, prove the baselessness of the charge 
either of forgery or of undue influence. As will be 
shown later, documentary proof exists which proves 
these charges false. Nevertheless, brought to her by 
busybodies in the early months of her widowhood, they 
caused her much pain and humiliation. Apparently, 



ANNE ROYALL 45 

she never for one moment believed it possible that the 
litigation begun by her husband 's nephew could result 
in setting aside the will made in her favor. 

Soon a strange restlessness came over her. She 
missed the care which for months she had given her 
invalid husband. She missed the kind, yet dominating 
mastership which had ruled her life completely for 
twenty-eight years. Most of all, she missed the intellec- 
tual companionship which had formed the strongest 
bond between herself and her scholarly husband. In a 
significant passage upon the duty of cultivating a 
child's reason and instilling a love of humanity from 
the earliest years, Mrs. Royall gives us a glimpse of 
her mental state when Captain Royall began her real 
education. Using the vernacular of the mountain 
region, she writes: 

''When I was yet a very small child, being a 
'terrible' great scholar, and a 'cruel' good reader, my 
mother, proud of her first-born, procured scores of 
' little histories ' for me to read — such as ' The Seven 
Wise Masters,' 'Paddy from Cork,' etc. Many an 
hour did I pore over those 'little histories.' I knew 
they were stories, that is falsehoods, and what was 
the consequence? When I came to read real history 
I had no more idea that it was reality than I had 
that Aladdin and his lamp were true. The very name 
history, of all others, bore the impression of falsehood, 
and it was long before I could believe that history 
was a record of facts ; and had I not fortunately fallen 
in with a person of learning, I should have delved at 
'little histories' all my life." 

That "person of learning" was William Royall, 
and never yet had schoolmaster an apter or more 
eager pupil than he found in young Anne Newport. 



46 ANNE ROYALL 

Captain Eoyall constantly led Anne to the contempla- 
tion of the principles of just government as laid down 
by his master, Thomas Jefferson. This training in 
state politics was the foundation of Mrs. Roy all's 
newspaper work long afterward. 

Nor did Captain Royall neglect the English clas- 
sics in the education of the wild little maid that had 
wandered to his door. Anne knew Shakespeare, Gold- 
smith, and Addison by heart. But, after she found 
out its real meaning, her dearest love and his, was the 
study of history. It is an odd picture — the old 
hermit-philosopher and the forest-bred girl following, 
from their wild mountain fastness, the unfolding of 
the great world-drama as played upon the stage of 
earth from the beginning up to their own day. If 
Royall taught his enthusiastic pupil that the act in 
which he, himself, took part — the American Revolu- 
tion — was the most significant and most glorious in 
the long series who shall blame him ? Perhaps it was. 

Anne read all the books in her husband's great 
library; many of them she read over and over again. 
Tradition says, also, that she read every book belong- 
ing to the neighbors scattered miles apart over the 
bleak mountain sides. Mrs. Maloney writes: 

"Hearing that my great-aunt had some Welsh 
books handed down from past generations, I asked her 
to let me see them. She replied: 'They are lost. 
Anne Royall who used to live over on Sweet Springs 
mountain borrowed them and never returned them 
after her husband's death. Anne read every book she 
could lay her hands on.' " 

But, for awhile, after Captain Royall died, books 
seemed to lose their charm for Anne. An intense 



ANNE ROYALL 47 

longing to see the world came over her. She hated the 
bleak mountain walls that shut her in. Selling a 
house and two lots of "land, in Charlestown, that be- 
longed to her, she used the proceeds of the sale for 
a trip south. The taste of freedom proved sweet. 
She writes exultantly : ' ' Hitherto, I have only learned 
mankind in theory — but I am now studying him in 
practice. One learns more in a day by mixing with 
mankind than he can in an age shut up in a closet." 
From that opinion Anne Royall never receded. Her 
merely studious days were over. Thenceforth, she 
would mix with men and women, join in their strug- 
gles, feel their heartaches, fight their battles and, above 
all, hold aloft before them (shake, if you will) the 
United States flag as a constant reminder of their civic 
duty. With every step she took in the newly settled 
southern and southwestern states and territories, her 
patriotism grew stronger. 

Mrs. Royall traveled very comfortably, with a 
retinue of three slaves — two men and a maid — and 
a courier. There were warmth, comfort, and cheer 
in plenty at those old roomy southern inns which 
were often kept by rich and educated owners who were 
also mail contractors. The guests had no desire for 
speed. They had time, and to spare, for viewing the 
beauties of Nature, for full enjoyment of the cook's 
savory productions, for prolonged converse in stately 
forms of speech, and for almost unending serious dis- 
cussion concerning the needs of the new United States 
so dear to all their hearts. Not the least pleasant 
feature of those old-time southern taverns was the 



48 ANNE ROYALL 

just-before-bed-time hour in one's big chamber. Mrs. 
Royall writes: 

"I am never better pleased than when seated by 
a bright fire and a well-swept hearth with a candle 
by my side. I have a pair of snuffers, too, and a 
snuffer-tray. But one who was raised in the woods 
you know, can easily dispense with a snuffer-tray. I 
confess, though, I hate that practice of snuffing the 
candle with your fingers. I was going to say that noth- 
ing gives me greater pleasure than to seize my pen at 
night, sitting comfortably, as just described, and talk- 
ing to you on paper." 

Mrs. Royall 's correspondent is a young man 
whom she addresses as "Matt" — probably the young 
lawyer before mentioned. 

We get one or two vivid glimpses of "Matt" and 
Mrs. Royall 's almost motherly relation to him. 
Writing in 1817 from Cabell Court House, she says: 

"You say you are going to Ohio to spend the 
winter — for your health, I presume. Better go to 
North Carolina or any southern climate. Go to bed 
early and rise betimes in the morning. You ruin 
your health by sitting up late. Hang the cards! I 
never knew any good to come from them. They will, 
if you persist in them, cost you your health, your 
reputation, perhaps your life. Oh, Matt, quit them 
and pursue something more worthy of yourself ! ' ' 

Again she writes to him: 

"If I were not the best tempered person in the 
world, I should get into a pet and quit this correspon- 
dence. If it were not for some way to pass off the 
time, I would do so. I have not received a word from 
you in three weeks. What are you about? Are you 
sick, or sullen, or are you bemiring your horse and 
yourself by riding up and down the river through the 



ANNE ROYALL 49 

mud? Or, taking the opportunity of my absence, 
have you gone to your old tricks again? I shall be 
likely to hear no good of you, I suspect. When I 
return I mean to make very particular inquiries about 
you; and there are not wanting those who will tell me 
the truth about you, and a great deal more." 

Between the years 1817 and 1823 Mrs. Roy all 
spent most of her time in the south. She made flying 
trips back to western Virginia but never lived there 
again. She writes: "They look well, but nothing 
wears worse than mountains. I have suffered too 
much among the mountains ever to love them." 

The successful termination of the war of 1812 
had left Americans jubilant. Almost every other citi- 
zen of the triumphant United States would have felt 
just as Anne Royall felt when she found herself travel- 
ling through Andrew Jackson's country: 

"At length, I have reached the state of Tennessee, 
the land of heroes. I have been in the state about 
three hours and already I seem to tread on sacred 
ground. As I rode to the inn where I now am, I was 
informed that I was in Tennessee, and I immediately 
fell into a train of pleasant musing. The victory of 
New Orleans, the battles of Talushatches, Talladega, 
and Emuckfrau all passed in retrospection before me 
— the brave, the intrepid, the invincible JACKSON, 
and his brilliant achievements, engrossed every faculty 
of my mind. I shall see him, I thought, I shall now 
be gratified with a sight of the brave Tenneseeans 
whose valor has secured forever the honor of their 
state." 

A little later she writes: 
"Dear Matt, 

"Good news awaits you. Read on. Having se- 
cured a few books, I was devouring 'Phillips's Speech- 



50 ANNE ROYALL 

es' (first sight of the book) in a corner, when 
I heard a loud cry, 'General Jackson comes.' Run- 
ning to my window I saw him waU?ing slowly up the 
hill between two gentlemen, his aids. He was dressed 
in a blue frock coat with epaulettes, a common hat 
with a black cockade, and a sword by his side. He 
is very tall and slender. He walked on by our door 
to Major Wyatt's, his companion in arms, where he 
put up for the night. His person is finely shaped, 
and his features not handsome, but strikingly bold and 
determined. He appears to be about fifty years of 
age. There is a great deal of dignity about him. He 
related many hardships endured by his men but never 
breathed a word of his own. His language is pure 
and fluent, and he has the appearance of having kept 
the best company." 

This correspondence between Mrs. Royall and the 
young lawyer is a strange one in some respects, in- 
cluding, as it does, discussions upon education, litera- 
ture, religion, politics, social vices and their remedy, 
crop statistics, and clever portraiture of persons and 
places. Matt's letters are lost. Of his side of this 
interesting correspondence we have only scattered and 
broken reflections in his correspondent's answers. 
Often he shows himself petulantly migrateful for all 
the pains Mrs. Royall takes to amuse him in his in- 
validism. He grumbles when her letters are short 
and complains of their length when they are long. 
But she is always good-natured and patient with him. 
Constantly, without direct preaching, she holds up 
high ideals. The just critic will feel that these let- 
ters were written by a good and a pure woman. No 
adulteress and forger would ever have written thus 
to a young man. This correspondence, printed under 



ANNE ROYALL 51 

the rather incorrect title, Letters from Alabama, 
ought to dispose of the ghost of slander that, even to 
this day, in some quarters, shadows Anne Royall's 
name. 

Apparently, Matt is inclined to be pessimistic. 
He sees little hope of redemption of the world through 
education. Mrs. Royall takes issue with him on this 
point: 

"Respecting your last letter, you say, and very 
plausibly, too, 'No wonder the ignorant are preju- 
diced against learning, when they see learned men 
inflicting every evil, cheating, defrauding, and op- 
pressing the poor.' 

"Aware of these objections 'made, acted and 
done,' to use one of your law phrases, I am ready 
to enter my rejoinder. The very reason you adduce 
to excuse the ignorant, is the reason I would advance 
against them. If their minds were improved they 
would not become the dupes and victims of their 
learned neighbors. They would then be able to cope 
with them. If men of the best learning and parts 
often fall a sacrifice to the artful disguises which 
hypocrisy and knavery put on, how, then, are the 
ignorant to escape ? If education was better attended 
to, it would greatly alleviate the evils of fraud and 
oppression. If a few, now and then, emerge from 
the night of ignorance, the great mass of people are 
still the same, and this ignorance is to be our downfall. 
It strikes at the vitals of our liberty. It affects our 
nation morally and politically, and the fetv are soon 
to rule the ynany, instead of the many ruling the few. 

I would not, as someone has said, have them all 
philosophers ; but I would have them raised above the 
brute creation. I would have them know they are 
endowed with Reason. I would have them know this 
Reason was bestowed upon them as a guide to enable 
them to distinguish between right and wrong, truth 



52 ANNE ROYALL 

from falsehood, good from evil. I would have them 
know that it is the cultivation of this Reason, alone, 
that can secure to them its advantages. As a fertile 
field, without cultivation, produces nothing but nox- 
ious weeds, so our Reason without cultivation, is of 
no more advantage to us in transacting the common 
concerns of life, than if we were destitute of this glory 
of human nature. But I am sleepy and must bid you 
good night." 

Trite enough, in this age, that preaching may 
sound. Nevertheless it is doubtful if three other 
women in the United States, in the year 1818, held 
such advanced views on popular education. 

There was no other subject upon which Anne 
Royall felt more deeply than that of woman's inhu- 
manity to woman. Once Matt's conventional views 
seem to anger her and she replies, spiritedly: 

' ' You ask what I would have ladies do — ' take 
such persons into their homes, associate with them?' 

* ' Yes, if they repent ; I would not only take them 
into my house, but unto my bosom. I would wipe the 
tears from their eyes — I would soothe their sorrows, 
and support them in the trying hour. I would divide 
my last morsel with them. 

"For those who would not repent — if they were 
hungry I would feed them ; if they were naked I would 
clothe them; and, much more, if they were sick, I 
would minister unto them; I would admonish them, 
and I would then have done. What did our Saviour? 
I would not revile them. I would not persecute them. 
Good night. I beg pardon for troubling you with a 
long letter. I was led on by my feelings. ' ' 

Anne Royall lived up to the creed of womanly 
charity that she preached. Always, wherever she 
went, there was a repentant (and sometimes an unre- 



ANNE ROYALL 53 

pentant) Magdalen clinging to her for protection and 
sympathy. Long after- that letter was written, Mrs. 
Eoyall's poor dwelling in Washington served almost 
continuously as a refuge for some homeless fallen 
woman. Often, too, Mrs. Royall's own reputation 
suffered thereby. 

Melton's Bluff was Mrs. Royall's favorite stop- 
ping-place. She spent many months there each year 
for several years. The company was lively. There 
were dances, picnics, camping-parties, musical enter- 
tainments without end. Into this gayety Mrs. Royall, 
bright, witty, entertaining, entered with all her heart. 

Florence, Alabama, was another place which Mrs. 
Royall liked exceedingly. She was entertained by 
many wealthy families there and gave several dinners 
in return. Called on once for a toast, unexpectedly, 
she says: "I gave the following, said to have been 
given extempore by one of my Irish ancestors: 

Health to the sick, 
"Wealth to the brave, 
A husband to the widow. 
And freedom to the slave. ' ' 

Mrs. Royall almost drops into poetry over the 
beauty of the city of Savannah, Georgia: 

* ' The streets of Savannah are one sea of sand ; the 
novelty of this, and the pride of China (alias China- 
tree) in full bloom, filling the air with the sweetest 
fragrance, the profusion of its foliage, and the soft 
tinge of its exuberant flowers, the hum of insects, the 
Cabbage-tree, the fruit shops, the genial sunshine, and 
the pleasant shade — I have no name for the scene — 
Savannah is the garden spot of the south, whether as 
to opulence, trade, hospitality, or site. It certainly 



54 ANNE EOYALL 

does not surpass Wilmington or Camden in hospital- 
ity or refinement, for that is impossible, but it equals 
them in this respect, and greatly exceeds them in 
numbers. 

' ' Amongst the novelties of Savannah I was amus- 
ed at the gait of the people, as they walked the streets. 
They are so much accustomed to wade through the 
sand, that they have contracted a habit, something 
like a wading-step, as one would walk through a bed 
of tough brick mortar. Their gait is slow and regu- 
lar, their step long, the head thrown back — the better 
to breathe I suspect — and they rise and fall every 
step. This is more strongly marked in the men." 

With New Orleans, also, she was enchanted: 

"I shrink from the task in despair, I confess, of 
portraying the beauty which meets the eye. All I can 
say of it is that it is one blaze of flowers, with groves 
and gardens of incomprehensible beauty, doubtless the 
most finished picture of landscape art in the world 
— not an atom of room left for improvement. One is 
astonished at the skill displayed by the magic hand of 
taste in laying out these gardens for which we have 
no parallel. The dark green avenues of orange trees 
and magnolias, all in bloom — on each side of these 
run hedges of roses intermingled with flowers of every 
hue, white, blue, scarlet, purple and yellow, forming 
one solid representation of bright gems, as varied as 
the rainbow." 

She continues: 

"The ladies of New Orleans have been variously 
represented, as the humour or taste of the traveler 
felt disposed. From seeing them mostly in the public 
places, and generally veiled, one cannot give a correct 
idea of them. Nor have I met with any town where 
there is less uniformity. There is every shade, as the 
poet said, from 'snowy white to sooty.' Here you see 
a little squat, yellow foreigner from the West Indies 



ANNE ROYALL 55 

— from South America — from no one knows where, 
covered with the finest lace ; yards of it, and glitter- 
ing with jewels ; and again, a tall elegant figure from 
France — England, Netherlands, or Poland. Some- 
times a face of inexpressible beauty, and, again, one 
of horror; sometimes a face of lily whiteness, and 
next to her one of saffron, and so on to coal black." 

In IMrs. Royall's eyes, Alabama was almost whol- 
ly good: 

"I have seen no state or country equal to it. The 
people wealthy, and generous, the land rich, the fields 
large, its rivers deep and smooth, its lofty bluffs, its 
majestic trees, its dark green forests — altogether 
grand." 

In spite of her strong states' rights views, the 
shadow of slavery in the beautiful land where she 
tarried constantly oppressed Mrs. Royall. Once when 
she Avaa visiting a plantation owned by General Jack- 
son, "kindest and best of masters," she says: 

"As I lingered behind the party thinking of m> 
own negro children, the little things flocked around 
me, and as they were looking up into my face, eager 
to be caressed, I discovered traces of tears on some 
of their cheeks. Oh, Slavery! Slavery! Nothing 
can soften thee! Thou art Slavery still!" 

Again, she writes: 

"With all the blessings here we have a few curses 
and one of them is slavery. Not that the slaves are 
treated badly, if we except the total neglect of their 
owners to enlighten their minds, they live as well their 
masters and are by no means as hard tasked." 

Years afterward, when her own slaves were all 
scattered, Mrs. Royall spent much time and money 



56 ANNE KOYALL 

trying to trace them to find out if they were well 
treated. Nevertheless, she always stoutly insisted 
that slavery was a question which each state should 
settle for itself. 

For the dumb beasts, too, Anne Eoyall spoke her 
word: 

"One shrinks with horror at the barbarity here 
to poor, innocent beasts. A curse must fall upon a 
land so lost to feeling. These innocent creatures were 
given to us for our use and not to glut a worse than 
savage disposition." 

Mrs. Royall always found time to read : 

"Melton's Bluff, Feb. 6, 1818. 
"Dear Matt.- — 

"You ask me if I have books. Yes, I have read 
'Salmagundi,' 'Phillips's Speeches,' and Lady Mor- 
gan's 'France,' all new to me. They are very inter- 
esting. Standing in a store one day I saw a book 
lying among some rubbish, and, requesting the clerk 
to hand it to me, after I had brushed the dust from it 
I found it to be 'Salmagundi,' a humorous and well- 
written work by a Mr. Irving of New York. 'Oh,' 
said the boy, 'that is not a good book. If you want 
a book to read, here is a good book,' and he handed 
me Russell's 'Seven Sermons.' He put me in mind 
of old Mrs. W — whom you must have known. She 
came to our house one Sunday (she hardly missed a 
Sunday) when I was reading Buff on and, laying the 
book on a chair to attend to something about the 
house, the woman picked it up and, turning over the 
leaves, said, ' La, do you read such books on Sunday ? ' 
" 'Why, what is the matter with it?' 
' ' ' Why, it aint a good book. I never would read 
such a book on the Sabbath. ' Now this woman would 
pick whortleberries, and even wash her clothes on 



ANNE ROYALL 57 

Sunday. The young man was doubtless of the same 
stamp. 

"Have you seen Lady Morgan's 'France?' You 
will be pleased with it. For a woman she is a fine 
writer. This work will long remain a standing evi- 
dence of that towering genius which loiows no sex. 
Her delineations of men and manners are well-drawn. 
Her style is nervous, glowing and pure, and discov- 
ers a perfect Icaowledge of mankind. She is the best 
portrayer I have met with except Voltaire. She 
descends to the bottom and searches the lowest depths 
of society. She reascends amongst the nobility and 
gentry, and unlocks the cabinets of kings and min- 
isters. She examines for herself. She bursts the 
chains of prejudice, and comes forth in honors all her 
owTi. This female, an honor to her sex, and the bright- 
est ornament of literature, was once, it seems, an 
actress on the stage. 

"I have seen several new novels which, with the 
exception of Walter Scott's, I do not read. Insipid, 
nauseous stuff, I cannot endure them — they are so 
stuffed with unmeaning words. Now what do you 
say to ' playfulness, ' ' fastidious witchery ? ' How silly 
in sound and significance ; it makes one sick, and serves 
no purpose but to entangle the subject and obscure the 
sense. And, by the way, these silly novel writers must 
show their learning. Profound philosophers! Deep- 
ly read in history ! Simpletons ! We suppose every 
one knows these things! But, as some one has said, 
'let blockheads read what blockheads write.' 

' ' But I find these novels corrupt the morals of our 
females and engender hardness of heart to real dis- 
tress. Those most pleased with fictitious distress 
have hearts as hard as iron. If they are pleased with 
one who relieves fictitious distress, the reality ought to 
please them much more, and every one may be a real 
hero or heroine, with less trouble than writing or 
reading a romance. Let them just step into the 
streets, the highways, or the hovel of the widow and 



58 ANNE EOYALL 

orphan. Heaven knows they may find enough there. 
They need not look in bool^s for distress. I have seen 
pictures of real distress, which greatly exceeded the 
pen of any novel writer; and yet none heeds it. Re- 
lieving these would be Godlike and would import a 
heaven on earth. But you like short letters. 

^' Adieu." 

At the close of a decidedly free-thought commun- 
ication Mrs. Royall writes: 

"A preacher here again, as I hope to live! And 
he is going to preach, too. The house is filling fast — 
a great many women, few men. I shall put this away 
and join them in worship. I shall leave my prejudice 
behind with my ink and paper. Be he Jew or Turk 
I care not. In the firm belief that the worship of God 
is paramount to all other duties, I spurn the narrow 
mind which is attached to a sect or part, to the ex- 
clusion of the rest of mankind. Can I not implore 
the Divine mercy? Can I not praise that fountain 
of all excellence as sincerely with these people as with 
others? You will laugh and think I am jesting; but 
I assure you, my friend, I am serious. I am far from 
being among the number of those who set at naught 
the worship of the Deity, however much I may deplore 
the abominable prostitution of that religion which is 
pure and undefiled. Go thou and do likewise." 

Once, when he was in good humor. Matt pleases 
Mrs. Royall immensely by complimenting her epis- 
tolary style. She replies: 

"Am I not a good old lady to send you so much 
amusement? I have a notion of turning author some 
day for, though I know you are only indulging in 
your irony (is that the way to treat your betters you 
saucy rogue?), let me tell you 1 would not make 
the worst author in the world." 

And she did not. 



CHAPTER IV 

Northern Tour 

At last the blow fell. In 1823 the suit to break 
"William Royall's will was decided against his widow. 
Mrs. Royall was in Alabama when the bad news reach- 
ed her. The world reeled. For the first time Anne 
Royall almost lost her grip on life. Her health be- 
came seriously impaired. A tradition, which can- 
not be verified, says that, in addition to her twc 
great troubles — the loss of her husband and the loss 
of her fortune — the widow was arrested and put 
in jail as an imposter. Of course, Mrs. Royall was 
not imprisoned in Alabama for an alleged offence 
committed in Virginia. It is, though, quite possible 
that she was for a short period imprisoned for debt, 
although contempt of court would have been a mis- 
demeanor decidedly more in her line. IMany times 
in her long, hard life she was forced to incur pecun- 
iary obligations, but she always discharged such debts 
as soon as possible. Anne Royall was never, even 
when her trembling old fingers could no longer easily 
hold a quill, the shameless beggar her opponents have 
pictured her. 

Rallying after the first shock of her misfortunes, 
Mrs. Royall decided to go to "Washington to apply for 
a pension as the widow of an officer of the American 
Revolution. Accordingly, she set out on horseback 



60 ANNE ROYALL 

from St. Stephen's, Alabama, the first day of Jime, 
1823. At Huntsville she took a stage. 

The strength of Mrs. Roy all's will is seen in the 
way she treated her nerves. When she left Alabama, 
she had come to the parting of the ways, as far as her 
nervous system was concerned. Melancholia was al- 
most upon her. A little more brooding over her 
troubles might induce insanity. Realizing her dan- 
ger, she took the only remedial course. She stoutly set 
to work to make herself forget herself. She says: 
"With a view to divert my mind from melancholy 
reflections to which it was disposed by ill health, I 
resolved to note everything during my journey worthy 
of remark and commit it to writing. ' ' The notes thus 
taken formed the nucleus of her first book, Sketches 
of History, Life and Planners in the United States. 

The book makes but slight reference to the hard- 
ships which gave it birth. During this first journey 
north, Mrs. Royall was frequently indebted to strang- 
ers for her stage fare. She ate scraps thrown out 
from tavern kitchens. She slept where she could. 
Her clothes were almost past mending. 

During 1823 Mrs. Royall got no nearer Washing- 
ton than Alexandria. There she met a man who proved 
a friend indeed — a Mason of prominence and pro- 
prietor of the City Hotel. In her own effusively 
grateful style, Mrs. Royall writes of this benefactor: 



1 



< ( - 



'M. E. Clagget, the friend of the friendless and 
pride of mankind. If I had a diadem to dispose of I 
know of no man at whose feet I would choose to lay 
it before Mr. Clagget. At ten o'clock, one cold De- 
cember night, I arrived at his house without one cent 
in my pocket, a single change of raiment and badly 



ANNE ROYALL 61 

dressed. I had not a friend on earth. Mr. Clagget 
took me in and from the 15th of December to the 6th 
of April following kept me — not in a style according 
to my appearance, but furnished me with an elegant 
parlor and bed-chamber and gave me a servant to 
wait on me the whole winter. At this time, too, Mr. 
Clagget paid a high rent for his house and had a fam- 
ily of ten children." 

At the City Hotel in Alexandria, IMrs. Royall 

WTote a part of her first book. In April she made a 

! short visit to Richmond to collect evidence to lay 

I before Congress in connection with her application for 

a pension. From Richmond, she went directly to 

Washington, arriving by a boat-omnibus, July 24, 

i 1824, in the early morning. She was a stranger. She 

t was penniless. She was ill. She was fifty-four years 

I old. But she had courage. With the agility of a 

girl, she leaped from the high stage step to the ground. 

The goal of all her hopes, the Capitol, "white as 

snow, ' ' loomed before her. Toward it she turned her 

, steps. Almost at random she knocked at the door of a 

house under the shadow of the great dome. The house 

was occupied by a family named Dorret. Anne Royall, 

with the honest directness that marked her whole life, 

told her story to the kindly woman who answered her 

j knock. 

An indigent seeker of a pension has never been 
a rarity on Capitol Hill. The Dorrets expressed no 
surprise when the stranger told them that she had 
not money to pay for board and lodging. They sim- 
ply took her in ("kept me for six months without fee 
or reward," Mrs. Royall says, later, when rejoicing 
that she could at last repay them), fed her and lent 



62 ANNE ROYALL 

her respectable clothing. Sally, the eldest daughter of 
the house of Dorret, was especially kind to her. 

After eating a hearty breakfast, Mrs. Royall start- 
ed out to hunt up John Quincy Adams, then Secre- 
tary of State under President Monroe. She found him, 
and very good, too, that so-called iceberg was to the 
plucky little old woman. Llr. Adams paid in advance 
a subscription for the proposed Sketches. He invited 
her to call on Mrs. Adams at their residence on F street 
and promised to give his earnest support to her pen- 
sion claim — a promise which he sacredly fulfilled 
through many years. 

Six weeks later, Mrs. Royall started on a trip 
through Pennsylvania, New York, and New England 
to collect material, and to solicit advance subscriptions 
for her book. 

The United States through which Anne Royall 
traveled was a queer country — a very far-away coun- 
try it seems now. For practical purposes, electricity 
was not. From Portland, Maine, to Cincinnati in far- 
off Ohio, not a telegraph pole marred the landscape. In 
the majority of towns, and in all country places, the 
tallow-dip still held sway although there was beginning 
to be considerable talk, some of which Mrs. Royall 
chronicles amusingly, about a new and mysterious il- 
luminating agent called gas, a substance of which, she 
says, most people were "deathly afraid." The Erie 
Canal was the pride of the country. The steam loco- 
motive, so to speak, was in its smoky swaddling clothes. 
In one of her later journeys, Mrs. Royall found a new 
company, called the Baltimore and Ohio, superintend- 
ing strange doings on which she looked with contempt. 



$ 



ANNE ROYALL 63 

She writes: "We came to the railroad, a few miles 
of it being completed. I, think the undertaking the 
wildest scheme for men in their senses ! To think of 
carrying it over the Alleghany at this point. Why, 
it will take all the iron in this comitry and in Europe, 
and where the funds are to come from no one knows. ' ' 
Not a single steam passenger ship crossed the 
Atlantic regularly although, a few years before, the 
Savannah, a sailing packet aided by steam, had broken 
all records for speed, and roused the enthusiasm of 
the civilized world by making the trip from Liverpool 
to New York in the astonishingly short period of 
twenty-six days. For months after this maritime feat 
American newspapers were filled with jubilant editor- 
ials upon the subject of ''Modern Progress." Some 
spindles were turning in New England, but manufac- 
turing in the United States, generally, was in its 
infancy. Stenography was an unpracticed art. There 
were, therefore, no newspapers in the present day 
sense of the word "news." There were "Gazettes," 
"Journals," and "Newsletters" which called them- 
selves newspapers and made themselves as lively as 
possible under the circumstances. Without stenogra- 
phic reports even the records of congressional elo- 
quence made but lean volumes. No automobile devils 
rendered the public highways imsafe. There were, 
i though, plenty of "fast" mail coaches like those 
1 advertised in Mrs. Royall's first newspaper: 

"NOTICE TO EASTERN TRAVELERS. 

"The Proprietors respectfully inform the public 
that they have established a new line of mail-coaches 
between Washington City and Philadelphia, by way 



64 ANNE ROYALL 

t 
of York, Lawrence, etc., traveling the whole distance 
over a fine turnpike road, and crossing the Susque- 
hanna over the splendid bridge at Columbia. Travel- 
ers by this route can, by securing their seats with the 
subscriber, next door to BrowTi's Hotel, proceed im- 
mediately by Baltimore, York, etc., to Philadelphia 
in thirty hours. 

"Thomas Cockendofe. " 

Every stage-driver was obliged to carry a "time 
watch" enclosed in a small wooden box with a lock. 
At each mail station these watches were examined by 
representatives of the mail contractors. Owing large- 
ly to the fact that she always carried several large 
trunks filled mostly with books, about which she was 
very particular, ]\Irs. Royall was in a state of chronic 
war with stage-drivers. Her pages are all too freely 
sprinkled with accounts like the following: 

"As sometimes happens, a little beyond Worcester^ 
a dispute took place between the passengers and the 
driver. All the passengers except myself were going 
to Northampton. But when we arrived at the place 
where the Northampton stage was to meet them, no 
stage was there, nor was any expected. The truth of 
the matter was that the stage proprietors, who were 
the mail contractors, overreached the Northampton 
line, by taking their passengers, and having but one 
passenger to Springfield, myself, they expected to take 
me on to Northampton slyly, and to send the mail to 
Springfield in a chaise. Finding a great deal of whis- 
pering going on and the stage stopping rather longer 
than usual, the mail taken out and bolstered up in a 
chaise, I asked why we did not proceed and what was 
the meaning of these proceedings. One of the pas- 
sengers said the mail would be sent on in a chaise and 
the stage would go on to Northampton. I called the 
landlord, without getting out of the stage, and asked 



ANNE ROYALL 65 

if this was so. He said it was. I told him I had 
taken the stage to Springfield, that I had paid my fare, 
and to Springfield I would go ; and if he did not take 
me there I would prosecute the whole concern. He 
said I certainly ought to go to that place and he was 
sorry the mistake occurred. I told him to look at the 
waybill and showed him my receipt. The passengers, 
finding that I stuck to the stage (they had got out) 
now tried to decoy me out. Their object was to step 
in and drive off, leaving me there. This I perceived 
to be their drift and, looking behind, I saw that my 
baggage had been taken off. But I sat firm in the 
stage. ' ' 

The upshot of it all was that Mrs. Royall went to 
Springfield, driving off in solitary triumph while the 
other passengers were left "to their o-woi reflections" 
which, presumably, were not altogether complimentary 
to the victor. 

There was no such thing as easy traveling in 
those days. Mrs. Royall was jolted over abominable 
roads in springless, iron-tired stages; she bumped up 
and down on horseback ; she was alternately baked and 
frozen in tiny cabins of dirty boats; she rowed; she 
trudged many a mile on foot. Nevertheless, whenever 
Anne Royall made up her mind to go anywhere she 
went. 

Springfield, Mass., delighted her, especially the 
paper factories. Manufacturing of any kind always 
fascinated her. She found the schools, at that time, 
all that they should be. She writes : 

"The manners of the citizens of Springfield may 
be gathered from what has been said. They are polite 
and hospitable beyond anything I have seen in the 
Atlantic country. In their appearance they are about 



66 ANNE ROYALL 

the same as New York, with fairer complexions; the 
children and females are uncommonly beautiful. I 
have often stopped on the streets to admire the child- 
ren as they returned from school, nor could I resist 
the curiosity of ascertaining the progress and nature 
of their pursuits, which proved honorable to them and 
to their teachers." 

At Albany, Mrs. Roy all had two interviews with 
Governor Clinton : 

"Among the great men of Albany, it will be ex- 
pected particularly by my Western friends, that I am 
not to overlook one whose fame is held in veneration 
by them, I mean Governor Clinton. His Excellency, 
DeWitt Clinton, the present Governor of New York, 
is about fifty years of age; he is six feet, at least, in 
height, robust and a little inclined to corpulency; he 
is straight and well-made; he walks erect with much 
ease and dignity; his complexion is fair, his face 
round and full, with a soft dark gray eye, his coun- 
tenance mild and yielding; he regards you in silence 
with a calm, winning condescension equally removed 
from servility and arrogance, while it inspires the 
beholder with admiration and respect. His whole 
deportment is dignified and commanding, with all 
the ease and grace of an accomplished gentleman. 
Governor Clinton is a man of great size, great soul, 
great mind and a great heart. To him may be ap- 
plied that line of Thompson's, 

' ' ' Serene yet warm, humane yet firm, his mind. ' 
"Perhaps his best eulogium is 'The Governor of 

New York.' " 

Elsewhere, and later, in the midst of the Anti- 
Masonic outcry against New York's chief executive, 
Mrs. Royall says: "It is well known that the Erie 
Canal emanated from the great head of Governor 
Clinton ; and from his looks I would suppose it con- 



ANNE ROYALL 67 

tained several more. His mind, like a mighty river, 
flows steadily on in one even channel as regardless of 
the little curs who yelp at his heels as the elephant is 
of the tiny ant. If I were to give an opinion on the 
subject, I would say he was the greatest man at this 
time in the world. ' ' 

Mrs. Royall went to Saratoga Springs but did not 
stay long. She was aghast at the price of board there. 
She says, that "the three great hotels, viz.: Con- 
gress Hall, United States Hotel, and the Pavilion, 
charge ten dollars a week! This is abominable! No 
wonder they have few boarders. It is perfect rob- 
bery!" 

At Saratoga she met Joseph Bonaparte and his 
nephew, Prince Murat. The Prince gave her five 
dollars for her book. 

One of the queerest bits of information we find in 
Mrs. Royall's account of her travels is that, in 1825, 
rich New Yorkers lived the simple life. She writes: 

''The native citizens of New York City are about 
the middling size, more stout than those of Philadel- 
phia, differing little in complexion, a slight shade 
darker; black hair and a full black eye are peculiar 
characteristics. They lay no claim to taste or refine- 
ment; their attention to business which pours in on 
them like a flood, leaves them no time to cultivate the 
graces. They have, however, a sort of untaught no- 
bility in their countenances, and in all their move- 
ments. They are mild, courteous, benevolent, and, 
above all people, they have the least pride. That 
curse of the human family, if it exists at all in New 
York, is found in the lower orders of her citizens; it 
is banished from the houses of the great and opulent. 
Their manners are truly republican, no eclat, hauteur 



68 ANNE KOYALL 

or repelling stiffness, much of which exists in Phil- 
adelphia and the southern towns with their boasted 
hospitality. These are hospitable, it is true, but the 
poor man is made to feel the difference between him- 
self and his hospitable entertainers. Not so, in New 
York, as respects that sort of homage exacted from 
a fellow-man. In New York all are upon a level." 

To the ladies of New York, Mrs. Eoyall concedes 
style but deprecates the fact that they give much more 
thought to dress than to literature. In Boston Mrs. 
Royall's books were sold "faster than the binder 
could cover them." In New York, on the contrary, 
but few copies were ordered. She concludes, there- 
fore, that "the ladies of New York do not read. This 
is perhaps owing to their numerous sources of amuse- 
ment such as the theaters, gardens, etc. The ladies 
of New York, however, have one excellence peculiar — 
to them — that is their elegant and graceful walk. " 
This excellence is attributed to their smooth paved 
Broadway, upon which they practice walking to a 
degree which has been crowned with success. But 
the excellence of the Boston ladies is found in the 
improvement of their minds, which gives ease to their 
manners, and an intelligence of countenance which 
forms a striking contrast to the vacant stare of many 
of the ladies of New York." 

New England, Mrs. Royall pronounced to be ' ' the 
soil of human excellence." In Boston, she declared, 
"the human mind has reached perfection." Patriot- 
ism, too, she found more unalloyed in Boston than 
anywhere else in the United States. She says : ' ' When 
Freedom was hunted out of the world it took up its 



ANNE ROYALL 69 

abode in Boston from which no power has been able 
to dislodge it." 

Her husband had made the Revolutionary cam- 
paigns so real to her that the reverential attitude of 
Bostonians toward everything connected with that 
mighty struggle was very congenial to Mrs. Royall. 
She saw a relic which greatly moved her: 

''One of my printers in Washington who had 
formerly lived with General Edes (a Revolutionary 
soldier) finding I was particular to notice incidents 
relating to that war informed me that General Edes 
was a Bostonian and had now in his possession the 
bowl in which the punch was made which was pre- 
sented as a treat to the Mohicans (as they were called) 
who threw the tea overboard at Boston, at the com- 
mencement of the war. It may be supposed, there- 
fore, I lost little time in paying my respects to Gen. 
Edes, all impatient to see the sacred relic. The Gen- 
eral, happily, was in his office; a small, elderly, 
sprightly man with all the hospitality of his native 
town beaming in his countenance. He invited me to 
sit dowTi and, to my inquiries respecting the bowl, he 
-replied that he was a boy at the time the tea was 
thrown overboard, and made the punch himself, at the 
request of his father, in whose house it was drank by 
the men who assembled there after emptying the boxes 
of tea, and who, from their Indian dress, were called 
Mohicans. He said the bowl was at his house, and 
invited me to call there at two o'clock. 

"I attended accordingly, when I was met by the 
General and his wife, an intelligent Boston lady. The 
interesting bowl was soon produced. It is a large 
flowered bowl, red and white, cracked in several places, 
but so carefully mended it is water tight. It would 
hold about two gallons — the largest bowl I ever saw." 



70 ANNE ROYALL 

In the old State-house at Boston Mrs. Royall saw 
a chandelier presented by a relative of her husband 
— one of the Massachusetts Royalls. 

Of Honorable Edward Everett, she says that ''he 
might be taken for another Deity. He has a very an- 
gelic face and fair youthful appearance, and, as Major 
Noah justly puts it, goes on in 'his own neat, quiet 
way.' " 

She witnessed an interesting event in Boston, the 
celebration during Lafayette's visit, of the Battle 
of Bunker Hill: 

"This was the greatest procession, probably, that 
ever took place in the history of America. I saw it 
all from a window in School Street — Masons, Knights 
Templar with their nodding plumes. General Lafa- 
yette in an open carriage, the soldiers of the Rev- 
olution in open carriages (a venerable band) driven 
by young gentlemen of the first distinction in the city. 
It was a moving scene. But while our ecstasy was 
wrought up to the highest pitch a dear old man, 
dressed in an old coat and hat, passed under us. He 
was sitting in the front of the carriage, with his right 
arm extended, and in his hand he held an old Con- 
tinental shot-bag, with the same bullets in it which 
he had used at the battle of Bunker Hill. He gently 
waved it backward and forward, from one side to the 
other, so that the people on each side might have a 
chance to see it, and continued to do so throughout 
the procession. The coat and the hat he had on were 
likewise those he wore in the battle ; we saw distinctly 
several bullet-holes in each. The effect cannot be de- 
scribed. General Lafayette, the Knights all glorious 
as they were, shrunk into nothing beside this war-worn 
soldier. It transported us back fifty years and we 



ANNE ROYALL 71 

were in imagination fighting the battle of Bunker Hill. 
Not a word was uttered for several minutes. Every 
cheek was wet. ' ' 

The feature of traveling which Mrs. Royall most 
enjoyed was meeting famous people. No other Amer- 
ican woman ever met so many. There is pathos in 
her account of the venerable John Adams : 



( i 



I found the dear old man sitting up before the 
fire. He would have risen but I flew forward to prevent 
him. He pressed my hand with ardor and inquired af- 
ter my health. We conversed upon general subjects re- 
lating to Alabama, the state I was from, such as its 
trade, navigation, productions of the soil, etc. In 
answer to several inquiries relating to himself he re- 
plied that he was then (April, 1825) eighty-nine years 
and six months old — ' a monstrous time, ' he added, 
'for one human being to support.' He could walk 
about the room, he said, and even down stairs though 
at that time he was very feeble. His teeth were 
entirely gone and his eyesight very much impaired. 
He could just see the window, he said, and the weath- 
er-vane outside it. But he retained his hearing per- 
fectly. His face did not bear the marks of age in 
proportion to his years, nor did he show the marks of 
decay in his appearance except his teeth, and his legs 
which were very much reduced. He was dressed in a 
green camblet morning-gown, and his head uncovered, 
except his venerable locks which were perfectly white. 
The most childlike simplicity and goodness appeared 
in the sunshine of his countenance which, when speak- 
ing or listening became extremely animated, but when 
left to itself, subsided into an unclouded serenity. 
When I mentioned his son, the present President, and 
Mrs. A. the tear glittered in his eye; he attempted 
to reply but was overcome by emotion. Finding the 
subject too tender I dropped it as quickly as possible." 



I 

72 ANNE ROYALL 

I 
Mrs. Royall's first book was published in New- 
Haven, which town, she says, "is decidedly the Eden 
of the Union." At Hartford she finds the American 
Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, "the crowning glory 
of the city, and, indeed, that of the United States. 
This asylum was incorporated in 1816 ; the first estab- 
lishment of the sort in the United States, and the 
parent of those since established in Philadelphia and 
New York. Having mentioned those asylums for the 
deaf now for the third time in these Sketches, a brief 
historical outline of the art by which these unfor- 
tunate beings are instructed may not be unwelcome 
to the reader." 

Mrs. Eoyall next gives an excellent sketch of the 
work of Rev. Dr. Thomas Gallaudet, founder and first 
head of the Hartford school, and of his chief assistant, 
Laurent Clerc of France. She quotes in full a com- 
position written for her by one of the older pupils in 
Mr. Clerc 's class: 

"The thanks of the Deaf and Dumb to the Pub- 
lic. — In the United States there were a great num- 
ber of schools for children but there were none places 
for instruction for the deaf and dumb. All the pa- 
rents thought that their deaf and dumb sons and 
daughters were impossible to learn how to read and 
write, and were grieved with them. Fortunately, the 
Kind Being brought Mr. Gallaudet to France on the 
purpose of learning how to teach the deaf and dumb. 
When Mr. Gallaudet applied to Mr. Clerc to come 
to this country, and incited Mr. Clerc to think those 
poor deaf and dumb had no idea of God and Christ, 
and then his consent made Mr. Gallaudet pleasant. 
They came to the western country by water and ar- 
rived in it. They prayed to the citizens and country- 



ANNE ROYALL 73 

men to give them money for the Asylum and the 
generous contributed to the helps of the American 
Asylum. It was worthy that they were benevolent; 
so that all the deaf and dumb are thankful to them 
and think God will send the rain to pour out over 
the farms of the countrymen; to provide them fruits 
and live in happiness. We are sorry that they visit 
the Asylum but little; before they came frequently 
to attend schools, and if they pass through Hartford 
and stay at the hotel, they should come to see it, that 
they might wonder at seeing the deaf and dumb 
writing on slates and talking to each other by making 
signs. ' ' 

Mrs. Royall was well entertained at the Hart- 
ford school for the deaf. She writes : "Mr. Gallaudet 
lives in a handsome house, near the Asylum, and has 
married one of the dumb pupils (a wise choice) who 
is very handsome — with one of the most expressive 
faces in creation. Mr. Laurent Clerc has married an- 
other of the pupils, likewise a very handsome female. 
She is a sister of Mr. Boardman, of Huntsville, editor 
of the Alabama Republican. I spent the evening at 
their house in Hartford, conversing with them by 
signs and means of a slate. They are both people of 
no common information, and possessed of easy and en- 
gaging manners. They had a very beautiful child be- 
tween two and three years old, who could talk fast 
enough, but it was amusing to see it hold communica- 
tion with its parents by signs. They seemed very 
fond of it though it stood in great awe of its father. 
Mr. Gallaudet also has one child, though it is not old 
enough to talk. I would advise all gentlemen who 
wish to avoid a scolding wife, to go to the American 
Asylum, where, I can assure them, they will find a 



I 



74 ANNE ROYALL 

great deal of good sense as well as beauty. I never 
did see so great a number of interesting females to- 
gether. ' ' 

Of the schools for the deaf at New York and 
Philadelphia, also, Mrs. Royall gives a full and in- 
teresting account. Colleges she venerated. Yale, 
Harvard, Princeton — all the institutions of learning 
in the United States of her day — receive attention 
from her pen. 

Salem, Massachusetts, almost awed Mrs. Royall 
with its old-fashioned gentlehood: 

"The citizens of Salem are stout, able-bodied 
men, more so than I have seen this side the Blue 
Ridge, and their ladies excel in beauty and personal 
charms. This was observed by our friend and nation- 
al guest, Lafayette. Both men and women have the 
true New England round, full face, with large black 
eyes, and a soft bending countenance. Their man- 
ners are still more improved than the people *of 
Boston. Besides the affability and ease of the Bos- 
tonians, they have a dignity and stateliness peculiar 
to them. ' ' 

The Crowninshields, "Whitneys, Putnams, Storys, 
Endicotts, Peabodys, Flints, Pickerings, Whites, 
Princes, Mr. Palfrey and Mr. Upham of Salem all 
received Mrs. Royall cordially on her visit to that 
ancient city. 

Mrs. Royall found Providence, Rhode Island, "a 
very romantic town lying partly on two hills and 
partly on a narrow plain about wide enough for two 
streets. It contains 12,800 inhabitants." Nosing 
into jails and charitable institutions, after her usual 
fashion, Mrs. Royall found, also as usual, some things 



P 



ANNE ROYALL 75 

to criticise: "The churches are very splendid in 
Providence; the jail is tolerable; but the poorhouse 
does not deserve the name, and the hospital is a 
wretched abode, disgraceful to the town." 
i She gives much space to Roger Williams, gaining 
'her information concerning him from Hon. Judge 
Martin, who walked with her to many historic locali- 
ties in and around the city. 

i All New England pleased Mrs. Royall on this 
first northern tour. She even defends the New Eng- 
lander's natural food, pumpkin pie: 

" As to ' pumpkin eating, ' they do make pumpkin 
pies in the fall; but they have plenty of everjrthing 
else. Let those who have traveled there say if their 
tables do not abound? and they are able to furnish 
them. But why is a pumpkin worse than any other 
vegetable, pray ? It is not from necessity that the Yan- 
kees eat pumpkins but from choice. Why may not a 
pumpkin be as good as a cymblin, or a sweet potato, 
or an opossum ? Pumpkin pies are fully as palatable 
as potato pies. Though I never eat either, I have 
tasted them and I see no difference. The cost is the 
same, I believe. Perhaps it would be better for the 
southern people to try the pumpkins, if their land 
iwould bring them. It may be owing to this article of 
food that the Yankees excel and are taking the lead 
;in everything." 



. 



CHAPTER V 
Mrs. Royall as an Author 

Mrs. Royall was fifty-seven years old when her 
first book was published. The woman's energy, in- 
dustry, and endurance were marvelous. Within a 
period of five years, while constantly traveling, she ; 
issued eleven volumes: 

Sketches of History, Life and Manners in the 
United States, by a Traveller, New Haven, 1826. i" 

The Tennesseean, a Novel founded on Facts, New 
Haven, 1827. 

The Black Book, a Continuation of Travels in the 
United States, 3 Vols., Washington, D. C, 1828-1829. 

Pennsylvania, 2 Vols., Washington, D. C, 1829. 

A Southern Tour, 3 Vols., Washington, D. C, 
1830-1831. 

Letters from Alabama, Washington, 1830. 

The chief faults of Mrs. Royall's writings are: 
too much detail, especially in regard to private in- 
juries received by the author; amateurishness; intol- 
erance of intolerance; too free and abusive use of 
names, even in an age when names of persons were 
freely, often scandalously, published ; hasty judgments 
based on feeling ; exaggerated praise of friends. 

On the other hand, Mrs. Royall's style possesses 
the merits of spirit ; accuracy of fact and of descrip- 
tion ; practicality ; perfect clearness ; a strong and tell- 



ANNE ROYALL 77 

ing vocabulary; humor; an underlying ethical pur- 
pose based on honest, though often mistaken, con- 
viction ; patriotic fervor ; minute observation, and live- 
ness — a genuine personality makes itself felt on 
every page. 

A critic in the Boston Commercial, reviewing the 
Sketches, in 1828, sums up Mrs. Royall's style fairly 
! well : 

"She marches on, speaking her mind freely, and 
unpacks her heart in words of censure or praise as 
she feels. Sometimes she lets fall more truths than 
the interested reader would wish to hear, and at others 
overwhelms her friends with a flattery still more 
I appalling. At any rate, hit or miss, the sentiments she 
gives are undoubtedly her own ; nor will it be denied 
that she has given some very good outlines of char- 
acter. Her book is more amusing than any novel we 
have read for years. ' ' 

' In reply to another critic who had picked her 
somewhat uncertain syntax to pieces Mrs. Royall says : 
!"He says I do not understand the language I write 
[in. This might be said of a great many but when 
! applied to me it is false as I pretend to know no 
! language but that of truth, and it makes no difference 
I in what language truth is told — it will stand for- 
ever." Elsewhere, she says very justly: "I am not 
capable of dressing out a subject in learned phrases 
or bold images or any elegance of style. I seek only 
to give such a description of things as may bring 
them as near as possible before the eyes of those who 
have not an opportunity of seeing them, and in my 
own homespun way, without regard to style or rules 



78 ANNE ROYALL 

of composition, which I know nothing of, and care as 
little as I know. ' ' 

It is a rather curious fact that three very able 
women — Mrs. Trollope, Frances Wright (afterward 
Madame D'Arusement), and Anne Roj^all were travel- 
ing in the United States and carefully recording their 
impressions of the country, with a view to publication, 
at about the same time. A little later, Harriet Mar- 
tineau and Margaret Fuller journeyed over much of 
the same ground covered by the other three. 

Of these five interesting women, Frances Wright 
wrote most gracefully and with the finest feeling. 
Miss Martineau was the ablest, intellectually. Mrs. 
Trollope had seen more of the world than the others, 
Miss Martineau 's deafness interfering much with her 
enjoyment of society. Margaret Fuller was the most 
classically cultured. But to backwoods Anne Royall 
every one of these other talented women must yield 
the palm for readability. 

Between Mrs. Trollope and Mrs. Royall, espe- 
cially, an amusing contrast exists. Wherever she went 
in the United States, Mrs. Trollope found her fas- 
tidiousness continually offended. There were dirty, 
miry places in the fairest meadows; women had no 
style and wore their shawls unbecomingly draped; 
people ate with their knives; callers stayed too long 
and — worst of all — tobacco-chewing men expecto- 
rated everywhere ! 

Mrs. Royall, although always scrupulously neat 
about her own person and belongings, had no fas- 
tidiousness to speak of. It was the woman's heart 
imder the dowdy shawl, the life-experience of the 



I 



ANNE KOYALL 79 

working-people who ate with their knives that inter- 
ested her. Pioneer-raised Anne hardly noticed the 
spitting. Very likely (on the principle laid dowTi 
later by her favorite author, Dickens, that "manners 
is manners but your 'elth's your 'elth") Mrs. Royall, 
herself, might have horrified Mrs. Trollope by ex- 
pectorating, had she chanced to cross the path of that 
delicately-reared, sensitive English lady. 

Mrs. Trollope suffered imtold, or, rather, pro- 
fusely told, agonies at the public inns. To Anne 
Royall, almost any tavern was a joy. The big com- 
mon-room with its wide, blazing hearth; the smoking 
(Anne possibly sometimes took a whiff herself) and 
jollity, the cheerful clink of the grog glasses; the 
good stories told by the men ; the music extracted by 
some strolling, self-taught player from a cracked fid- 
dle or out-of-tune "melodeon;" above all, the eternal 
talk about politics, colored by that sincere spread- 
eagle patriotism which ^Mrs. Trollope and, later, 
Dickens criticised — all these signs and tokens of a 
bubbling, new civilization based on individual freedom 
delighted Anne Royall 's shrewdly observant humor 
and sympathetic heart. 

The other four women are highly subjective. 
Mrs. Royall never wasted a stroke of ink in her life 
analyzing her own emotions. She never needed to. 
Anne's emotions were always clearly defined. In this 
respect a comparison of the descriptions of Niagara 
given by the five women is illuminating. 

Mrs. Trollope expatiates at length on the fact that 
she wet her feet going to the falls. She gives four 
pages to her physical sensations in viewing the grand- 



80 ANNE ROYALL 

eur of the spectacle, and a paragraph or two to the 
mighty cataract. Miss Martineau does almost the 
same thing. Margaret Fuller, too, goes deeply into 
an analysis of the torrent of her own emotions, Fanny 
Wright softens Niagara. She writes a really beau- 
tiful prose-poem about the rainbow spray. Anne 
Royall in her description, does not once use the pro- 
noun "I." With her usual passion for practicality, 
she begins with — "What makes the fall?" Then 
she proceeds to answer the question as clearly and 
concisely as if she were a civil engineer. Next, she 
sweeps away a pile of literary rubbish about Niagara : 

"Most writers, indeed all that I have met with, 
when speaking of these falls, never fail to say what 
is not correct, that they are surrounded by immense 
woods. Because there were woods once and Mr. Her- 
riot said so, every one must copy Mr. H. There are 
no woods near the falls. That was only said to 
heighten the descrpition and give coloring to 'Jhe 
scenery. If all the woods of a thousand hills sur- 
rounded the falls they would add nothing to the 
grandeur of the scene. They would remain unno- 
ticed. The finest forest in the world would shrink 
into nothingness by the side of the falls. But no 
language can convey an idea or express the sensations 
of the human mind upon viewing the falls. A name- 
less majesty rests upon them which to imderstand 
must be seen. Words were never made to describe 
the scene. It laughs description to scorn ; struck 
dumb with amazement. There seems to be nothing 
else in all the world. No stop, no pause, nights and 
days and years, on, on, it rolls." 1^ 

From a literary point of view, Mrs. Royall 's first , 
book. Sketches of Hisfory, Life and Manners in the 
United States, is her best. Her so-called novel is a | 



ANNE ROY ALL 81 

failure. It bears all the ear-marks of a resurrected 
manuscript dug out of a writing-desk and sent abroad 
after its author had won fame through better work. 
Concerning it, Judge Story writes from Washington 
to his wife : "We have the famous Mrs. Royall here 
with her new novel, The Tennesseean, which she has 
compelled the Chief Justice and myself to buy for 
fear of a worse castigation. I shall bring it home 
for your edification." 

The word " castigation " — justly enough used, 
it must be confessed — refers to a clever journalistic 
device hit upon by Mrs. Royall which made her books 
sell like hot cakes, namely — her far-famed Pen-Por- 
traits of members of congress and other noted persons. 
Americans of Anne Royall's time were but a few 
degrees removed from ancestors to whom a throne 
was sacred. Political upheavals had destroyed the 
outward forms of monarchy, but the inner feelings 
of thousands of American men and women de- 
manded some fitting substitute for the awe-inspiring 
pageantry of the old social order. Therefore, royalty- 
worship, strong in the blood, was changed into gov- 
'ernment-worship. The spirit was born that would, 
in time, supplant "God save the King," as the na- 
tional anthem, by: 

"Land of the Pilgrim's pride. 
Land where our fathers died, 
Of thee we sing." 
Washington, the capital of the new republic, became 
a venerated city. There the widespread rays of 
patriotism were so focussed that, to his constituents, \ 
each legislator wore a halo. Mrs. Royall's word-like- 



82 ANNE ROY ALL 

nesses were eagerly read all over the country. She 
frankly gives her reason for her new departure: 

"I resolved to risk my talents, generally or spe- 
cially, as the case happened, at a personal description 
of the Members of Congress. I was partly tempted 
to this by my own inclination and partly to please 
my friends. When I first began to write I impercep- 
tibly fell into this manner of writing — I mean that 
of personal description. I had been told (for I am 
not a judge, of course) that this, and scenery, was my 
forte. I have pursued it until it has become an 
amusement to myself ; and though there is a sameness 
in it from the barrenness of our language, yet it is | 
popular and pays. What does anybody care about 
the dead? I wish to write books that people will 
read, and I find there is nothing like throwing in 
plenty of spice. Possibly a gentleman may not like 
his portrait (for which he can give no reason) yet 
twenty other gentlemen may, and may buy the book 
for the sake of the portrait, just as we buy the por- 
traits executed by painters, and he will buy it for 
twenty other portraits." 

Mrs. Royall's "spice" was not the spice of mod- 
ern sensationalism. She never pried into closets to 
discover family skeletons. She fought much in print, 
but she fought squarely and always hit, straight from 
the shoulder, a clean, though often a staggering blow. 

In making her pen-portraits, Mrs. Royall went to 
work much like a professional artist. Often she asked 
for, and obtained a "sitting" from the subject of her 
description. She says: "It is a difficult species of 
writing, and to portray correctly it is always necessary 
to see the eye, particularly the color. I find, too, I 
am most happy in describing those I have conversed 
with." In her later years Mrs. Royall fell into man- 



ANNE ROYALL 83 

nerisms of portraiture. "DeMedicis figures," "oval 
faces," "stalwart frames," etc., figured largely 
therein. 

The following picture of John Randolph is in 
her best vein. 

"Honorable John Randolph has been in Congress 
since 1809 and is deservedly reckoned the finest orator 
in the House. His voice is loud and shrill, yet melo- 
dious, and his gestures pertinent and graceful; never 
at a loss, his language is flowing, refined and classical, 
his remarks brief and cutting. He seems to be of 
no party though severe against the Yankees. Mr. 
Randolph is tall but straight and very slender. His 
face is like no other man's, if we except the Lords of 
the Forest, from whom he is descended. It inclines 
to oval, with a high, square, jutting forehead. His 
complexion is sallow, and his features are neither 
handsome nor the contrary. But such another eye 
does not exist, if we except the piercing eye of Red 
Jacket. His eye is terrible in debate, and gives tone 
to his words and gestures. It is black with scarcely 
any white. It is not jet black, but rather a shade ^^ 
large and piercing, and when excited, glistens with 
a never-to-be-forgotten fierceness. His countenance is 
stern and immovable. I never saw him smile, and his 
manners are distant and lofty, unlike the pomposity, 
however, of his fellow-Virginians, but are nevertheless 
gentlemanly. In size he is tall enough but very light. 
He is said to be immensely rich but not charitable." 

Mr. Randolph gave Mrs. Royall a letter of intro- 
duction which, she says, was more eagerly read by 
persons to whom she presented credentials than even 
the letter given her by Lafayette. 

Some readers may be able to trace a family re- 
semblance in the following portrait of Hon. James I. 



84 ANNE ROYALL 

Roosevelt, grandfather of President Theodore Roose- 
velt: 

"Mr. R. is a new Member, if we do not mistake, 
from New York. He is quite a young looking man 
and has a fine, tall, showy figure, rather slender but 
exceedingly well-formed. His face is Grecian in 
shape, with keen, delicate features and rather wan 
complexion. His eye is between a blue and a gray, 
uncommonly keen and penetrating, which gives great 
vivacity to his countenance. He is gay and lively, 
and appears to be a real business man. With papers 
in hand, and people tugging at him, he could not 
stand still a moment, for which reason, and the fact 
of his wearing his hat and his glasses, the present 
hasty sketch of Mr. R. may be imperfect. Having 
received some marks of polite attention from Mr. 
Roosevelt, we merely wished to indulge our feelings in ■ 
acknowledging the favor. Mr. Roosevelt is descended 
from one of the wealthiest families who came over | 
from Holland at the settling of New York." , 

Some of Mrs. Royall's portraits were abominably 
savage, like the following of a Brigadier-General who i 
opposed Freemasonry: 

"Upon going into the store, I inquired for the 
gentleman — asked if he was in. Being answered in 
the affirmative, I looked around, expecting to see 
some tall, elegant personage, of course. Seeing no 
person but the clerk of whom I had inquired, and 
some ladies who were shopping, I asked the clerk to 
point him out to me. 'There he is,' said the clerk, 
pointing to a small animal who was squatting close 
under one of the bottom shelves of the store. I saw 
the thing upon my entrance, but thinking it was a 
baboon, probably tied there for the General's amuse- 
ment, I never thought of saluting it. Upon this, I turn- 
ed around to look at it again, and suspecting the clerk, 
I asked if it was the Brigadier? It grinned at me 



ANiNlE ROYALL 85 

and replied it was. I instantly quit the store, think- 
ing my friends had sent me there to afford a laugh, 
which proved to be the case. But his person ! He 
is in height not quite so tall as the Puppy-skin Par- 
son, about five feet, I should think, and about the 
size of a full-grown raccoon, which he resembles in 
phiz. His appointment does honor to the state, and 
proves the judiciousness of the choice, for they are 
certain never to lose him in battle, as it would require 
the best Kentucky rifleman to hit him at a hundred 
yards distance." 

I Considering the fact that the Black Books con- 

> tained scores of similar unflattering portraits we 
I can hardly wonder that, in some quarters, they were 
bought up by interested parties and destroyed whole- 
i sale. It was an age of brutal acrimony — the direct 
descendant of eighteenth century coarseness in Eng- 
! lish pamphleteering. But Mrs. Royall's vocabulary 
i was peculiarly her own. Her images were more un- 
expected than those of her compeers in dispute. They 
made readers laugh and therein, largely, lay her 
power. 

There is no manner of doubt but that her widely- 
praised gift of word-portraiture did aid Mrs. Royall 
amazingly in securing subscribers for her books. Her 
entrance into either House, Senate, or Supreme Court, 
when she was in the hey-dey of her fame, created a 
sensation. Of one visit to the Capitol at Washington 
she writes: 



i I ■ 



■ I had been but a short time seated in the House 
gallery when there v/as a great stir among the Mem- 
bers. Several kissed their hands to me. Others 
pulled their hats over their eyes — clowns, ought 
to have pulled them off. Here, let me observe, that 



86 ANNE ROYALL 

a legislative hall is like the rest of the world, a rough 
and smooth place — a little good and a little bad, so 
I just take the Members as they come." 

Mrs. Royall was present at an opening of the 
Virginia state legislature. She sat near, and ex- 
changed friendly greetings with, ex-Presidents Monroe 
and Madison. She writes: 

"Mr. Madison is a small, aged man with a re- 
markably small face and keen, vigorous countenance. 
He was dressed in a plain, Quaker colored coat, and 
his hair was powdered. He was looking forward and 
seemed to listen to the debates with deep attention." 

After the session was over Mrs. Royall tried to 
hire a carriage, at a reasonable rate, to take her to 
the home of Mr. and Mrs. Madison, some miles from 
the capitol. But finding cab-fare beyond her means, 
she walked the whole distance, although the day was 
extremely hot and the roads were bad. 

American biography is well peppered with de- 
scriptions of charming Dolly Madison, but not one 
among them all shows her in a pleasanter light than 
does the following, where she is seen wiping the dust 
from the feet of a tired old woman who had trudged 
far to see her. 

"Never was I more astonished," exclaims Mrs. 
Royall. "I expected to see a little dried up old 
woman. Instead, a tall, active woman stood before 
me. She was the selfsame lady of whom I had heard 
more anecdotes than about any family of Europe or 
America. No wonder she was the idol of Washing- 
ton — at once in the possession of everything that 
could ennoble woman. But chiefly, she captivated by 



ANNE ROYALL 87 

her artless, though warm, affability. Affectation and 
her are farther assunder than the poles. Her fine full 
eyes and her countenance display a majestic brilliancy 
found in no other face. She is a stout, tall, straight 
woman, muscular but not fat, and as active on her 
feet as a girl. Her face is large, full and oval, rather 
dark than fair. Her eye is dark, large and expressive. 
Her face is not handsome nor does it ever appear to 
have been so. It is suffused with a slight tinge of 
red and is rather wide in the middle. But her power 
to please — the irresistible grace of her every move- 
ment — sheds such a charm over all she says and does 
that it is impossible not to admire her. She was 
dressed in a plain black silk dress and wore a silk 
checked turban on her head, and glossy black curls. 
But to witness how active she was in running out to 
bring me a glass of water — in stooping to wipe the 
mud from my shoes and tie them. Seeing I was 
fatigued, she pressed me with much earnestness to 
await dinner. She appears young enough to be Mr. 
Madison's daughter." 

Mrs. Royall's books of travel were issued between 
the years 1826 and 1831. They contain descriptions 
of every important village, town, and city of the 
United States of that early period. In describing a 
town, Mrs. Roy all usually gives a historical sketch of 
the place and full information concerning schools (she 
was one of the first Americans to advocate the methods 
of Pestalozzi) and their curriculum, charitable, re- 
formatory, and punitive institutions. She describes 
public buildings very well. She devotes much space 
to trade statistics. On the whole, considering the lack 



88 ANNE EOYALL 

of official figures in those days, her information on 
most points is remarkably accurate. Local celebrities 
she mentions by name, and thousands of pen-portraits 
are given. Indeed, he is a rare American who cannot 
find an ancestor, either glorified or lampooned, some- 
where in Mrs. Royall 's books. 

The old lady chose a very hard way of earning 
a living. The sight-seeing necessary for her amateur 
Baedeckers would have worn out most women of her 
years. She seldom hired a carriage. Day after day 
she trudged in all weathers taking notes, interviewing 
prominent persons, soliciting subscriptions, and deliv- 
ering her books. Her grit never failed. When her 
tired feet were bleeding from long traveling over Phil- 
adelphia 's streets she only said sturdily, "I may as 
well walk to death as starve to death," and trudged 
on with genuine pioneer fortitude. "In Pittsburg," 
she writes, "I was thirteen days on my feet taking 
notes, viewing and admiring the workshops, from 
early morning till dark, often long after dark. From 
the mud on the pavements, occasioned by the bursting 
of the pipes which occurred at that time, the smoke 
and black from the coal and the furnaces with their 
fumes, I had a most fatiguing tour of it. It was 
infinitely greater than my tour through the whole 
state. Such was my ardour to complete it that I 
never stopped to dine but once. The task was cer- 
tainly too great for a female, especially one of my 
years, and being quite lame at the time I was scarcely 
able to crawl to my room at night. My weariness was 
such that I was unable to sleep or take sufficient 
nourishment, but I determined not to look back." 



ANNE ROYALL 89 

In other words, Mrs. Royall had made up her 
mind to rectify the mistakes and injustice of the 
Duke of Saxe-Weimar who, not long before, had pub- 
lished an unflattering and inaccurate account of Pitts- 
burg — a city that lay very near her heart. 

Whenever Mrs. Royall received money — and for 
a few years her earnings were large — she immediately 
gave it away. Therefore, she was often hungry. She 
was often cold. Seldom, indeed, was she sufficiently 
clothed. In chill March, day after day, through Bos- 
ton's ocean sleet she fought her way, her shoulders 
only partially protected by a thin, summer shawl 
given to her by Mrs. John Quiney Adams. 

Nearly all Mrs. Royall's books were written in 
dingy bed-rooms of second class taverns. Long after 
midnight her candle burned. Sheet after sheet, in 
her clear bold handwriting, slipped from the light- 
stand to the patchwork quilt that covered the poor 
little bed. 'Twas a very different room from the 
comfortable chamber in which she had written those 
happy letters to "Matt" years before. But resolute 
^^ Anne Royall wasted no time in useless repining. 
Bright and early next morning, in her clean calico 
gown, with its mutton-leg sleeves, and wearing a big 
poke-bonnet, she was out on the street again, notebook 
-in hand, her pencil sharpened for business. Un- 
doubtedly, the old lady was a persistent book-agent. 
She had to be persistent. Selling her books meant 
keeping out of the poor-house. This is the way in 
which she was sometimes rebuffed: "I approached 
Mr. F. in his office with my best courtesy and told 
him I had come to pay my respects to him, hoped he 



90 ANNE KOYALL 

was well, etc. To which he replied in a voice that 
suggested the hoarse croak of a raven, 'I want none of 
your respects, nor your books. Get out of here, you 
old hag.'" 

Mrs. Royall's only comment on this reception is, 
"Rather extraordinary in a gentleman of his gal- 
lantry." 

In view of the assertion that has been made that 
Mrs. Royall 's books are still readable, the question will 
naturally be asked, "Why, then, have those books been 
consigned to Limbo?" There are several reasons. 
One is, that, as Mrs. Royall said, they were written 
for the living. Her own words proved true in the 
case of her own books — ' ' Nobody cares for the dead. ' ' 
Another reason is that the big, black shadow of the 
civil war blotted out a great deal of minor American 
literature including Anne Royall's, and much that 
was far better than hers. Some that was far worse 
than hers, has, queerly enough, survived and is em- 
balmed in modern "Histories of American Litera- 
ture. ' ' The great reason, however, why Mrs. Royall 's 
books have been ignored by critics and compilers for 
three-quarters of a century lies in the woman's bit- 
terly hostile attitude to the prevailing theology of her 
day and her brave espousal of the then greatly-dis- 
credited cause of Freemasonry. 

Strictly speaking, Mrs. Royall's books cannot 
properly be classed under the head of literature. 
Nevertheless, they are a most valuable contribution 
to the social-history of the United States. They have 
become very rare. Probably no library in the world 
contains an entire set. Even the library of Congress 



ANNE ROYALL 91 

lacks the first volume of the first series of The Black 
Book. Wherever found, copies of Mrs. Royall 's books 
command high prices. Some of them are well worth 
reprinting. Many a town and city would be glad to 
see itself as it looked before the year 1831 to the eyes 
of a clever, observant woman. 



CHAPTEE VI. 
Freemasonry 

Old William Royall believed that Freemasonry 
more fully made for right daily living than any other 
institution of human origin. This fundamental belief 
he instilled into the mind and heart of his devoted 
pupil and wife. Moreover when that wife found her- 
self a penniless widow, deserted by many who, during 
her husband's lifetime, had seemed to be her friends, 
Freemasons stepped to her aid, offering shelter, food, 
clothing, and sound advice. At the home of that kind 
Mason, Mr. Clagget, in Alexandria, she prepared her 
first book for the press. 

Shortly after the publication of this work, in 
1826, an event occurred in Genesee county, N. Y., 
which plunged the country, especially the east, into 
acrimonious turmoil that lasted nearly twenty years, 
namely, the abduction and the permanent disappear- 
ance of William Morgan, a man who professed to 
reveal, in a printed account, some of the secrets of 
Freemasonry. In consequence of this abduction, and 
possible murder, committed by a small group of hot- 
headed Masons, American society was riven. A strong 
Anti-Masonic sentiment arose which was skilfully 
played upon, and systematically fostered by profes- 
sional politicians. Nearly all the evangelical sects, 
as sects, ranged themselves upon the side of the Anti- 



ANNE ROY ALL 93 

Masons. Between 1826 and 1836 Freemasonry sank 
to its lowest ebb in the United States. It was every- 
where more or less discredited. Every city, every 
town, every village, nearly every family was divided 
upon the question whether Freemasonry should or 
should not be suppressed by law. The most exaggerat- 
ed, absurd, blood-curdling rumors were afloat. In 
short, one branch of the '' Antis," as they were called, 
furnished in print to the masses ghastly accusations 
which the yellowest of modern sensational journals 
would almost hesitate to use. Freemasonry, indeed, had 
its martyrs in those days among both old and young. 
It was seriously proposed in the legislative halls of 
more than one state to disbar Masons from holding 
public office or even from jury duty. Many a little son 
or daughter of a Mason crept home from school weep- 
ing bitterly because some bullying companion had 
singsonged, tauntingly: "Your father's a Mason. 
Rawhead and bloody bones! Rawhead and bloody 
bones! Your father's a Mason. Where's Morgan?" 

Since comparatively few Americans of the pres- 
ent generation are familiar with the details of the 
Morgan affair, and as the raging excitement of the 
period exerted an enormous influence upon Anne Roy- 
all 's career, the whole story may fittingly be con- 
densed in her biography. 

The personal account of William Morgan here 
given is taken, purposely, from an Anti-Masonic source 
— a book which is generally reckoned among both 
Masons and the highest class of Anti-Masons as the 
strongest and most accurate expression of opposition 
to the order ever given out, Letters On Masonry and 



94 ANNE ROYALL 

Anti-Masonry, by William L. Stone. Mr. Stone's 
Letters were published in 1834 and by permission 
were addressed to John Quincy Adams, one of the 
most promment Anti-Masons. Mr. Adams's hostile 
attitude toward her beloved fraternity was a source 
of great sorrow to Mrs. Royall, but she did not allow 
her gratitude to the illustrious man to swerve her 
one inch from loyalty to the order. 

Mr. Stone was a Mason who came to believe, he 
says, that Masonry was wholly inconsistent with the 
state of society at that time. The author is worthy of 
all praise for the pains he took to ascertain facts about 
the Morgan affair at a time when lurid rumors were in 
much greater demand than facts, and, also much bet- 
ter paid for. Mr. Stone resisted the great temptation, 
to which many other writers yielded, of apotheosizing 
the unfortunate figure around which the storm cen- 
tered. His account of William Morgan and his ab- 
duction is undoubtedly correct. Condensed, he tells 
the following story : M 

William Morgan was born in Culpepper, Va., in 
1775 or 1776. According to his own testimony, he 
was a private and not a captain (as has been claimed) 
in the War of 1812. In 1819, at the age of forty-three 
or forty-four, he married Miss Lucinda Pendleton of 
Virginia. The bride was only sixteen years of age 
and the marriage permanently estranged her from 
her father, a Methodist minister. By trade, Morgan 
was an operative mason. Two years after their mar- 
riage, Mr. and Mrs. Morgan moved to upper Canada 
where Morgan worked for a brewery. Later he and 
his family — there were now two children, a boy and 



ANNE ROYALL 95 

a girl — moved to Le Roy, near the little village of 
Batavia, Genesee county, New York. Morgan pro- 
fessed to be a Freemason although where he took the 
three lower degrees he claimed has never been ascer- 
tained. 

By the influence of Major Ganson, a prominent 
man of the locality, Morgan was advanced to the 
degree of Royal Arch Mason. About this time a new 
building for the use of the Knights Templars was 
planned at Le Roy. Morgan had a contract to labor 
on this building but, in some way, lost the job. A 
quarrel between him and Major Ganson followed. 
Meanwhile, Morgan had settled at Batavia. His hab- 
its were bad. Early in 1826 the few Royal Arch 
Masons of Batavia determined to apply to the Grand 
Lodge to constitute a chapter in that village. By the 
rules, all petitioners would become members. Mor- 
gan's name was upon the petition. He was not want- 
ed by many on account of his dissolute habits and for 
other reasons, hence another petition was secretly cir- 
culated upon which Morgan's name did not appear, 
thus effectually shutting him out from membership in 
the new chapter. Stimg to the quick, the humiliated 
man planned revenge. One David C. Miller, editor 
of a paper published ui Batavia, also had a personal 
grievance against the local Masonic body. The two, 
further assisted by a third man with a grudge (a 
better educated person than the other two) prepared 
for publication a book purporting to expose some of 
the secrets of Masonry, extremely discreditable to the 
order. 



96 ANNE ROYALL 



I 



At first, Masons outside the local circle in Genesee 
county paid little attention to Morgan's threatened 
publication. But hot-heads in Batavia were soon up , 
in arms. Miller 's establishment was burned. A part < 
of the Morgan manuscript was captured by a group 
of Masons. Morgan was arrested for debt and for 
alleged theft of some small articles of clothing. He 
was placed in jail at Canandaigua the evening of Sep- 
tember 11, 1826. The next evening two men appeared 
at the jail and prevailed upon the wife of the jailer 
(her husband being absent) to release Morgan after 
they had paid the debt and the legal costs. Mrs. Hall, 
the wife of the jailer, testified later that while she was 
fastening the inner door of the jail, after Morgan had 
gone out with the two men who professed to be his 
friends, she heard a piercing scream and cries of 
"murder." She ran to the outside door in time to 
see a carriage and four men. Morgan was struggling 
in the grasp of two men. He was quickly forced into 
the carriage which drove away rapidly. William Mor- 
gan was never seen again. j 

This high-handed abduction of an American cit-« 
izen aroused the country. Governor DeWitt Clinton, 
of New York, himself a Mason of high degree, imme- 
diately issued a proclamation condemning the outrage 
and offering a reward for the capture of the abductors 
and for information concerning the whereabouts of 
Morgan. This reward was finally increased, through 
three gubernatorial proclamations, to fifteen hundred 
dollars. Four persons known to have been concerned 
in the abduction were afterward tried, convicted, and 
imprisoned for the offence. 



ANNE KOYALL 97 

The testimony given at the trials of the con- 
spirators seemed to establish the fact that Morgan 
was hurried to Fort Niagara and was there confined 
overnight in a building used for a powder magazine. 
At this point rumor began, all manner of horrible and 
circumstantial accounts of Morgan's taking off were 
luridly pictured and scattered abroad. The favorite 
version, however, was that he had been sent over 
Niagara Falls in a small canoe and drowned. Anti- 
Masonic sentiment rose high and politickns, first 
those of New York and a little later men of national 
importance, were not slow to take advantage of it. 
Thurlow Weed, later known as the "King of the 
Lobby," was prime mover among the Antis. 

On October 27, 1827, a little more than a year 
after Morgan's mysterious disappearance, the body 
of a drowned man was washed ashore on the beach 
of Lake Ontario about forty miles from Niagara on 
the American side. The body was promptly buried. 
Then somebody suggested that the drowned man might 
be "William Morgan. Everybody was wild. The body 
was exhumed and, after various "committees" and 
Mrs. Morgan had viewed it, was "positively identi- 
fied" as that of Morgan. Mr. Stone writes: 

* ' The utter improbability, or, rather, the physical 
impossibility that the body of a drownaed man could 
have been so long preserved in the waters of Ontario, 
regardless alike of the hunger of fishes, the action of 
the waves and the heat of summer's sun for the long 
period of thirteen months so as to be identified seems 
never to have occurred to the people on that occasion. 
Or, if such a doubt was suggested, the prompt reply 
was, 'Murder will out.' It was fiercely contended by 



98 ANNE EOYALL 

some that heaven, itself, had directly interposed a 
miracle that the murderers might no longer escape the 
vengeance of the offended law. The whole country, 
therefore, rang with the shout, 'Morgan is found.' " 

A Presidential campaign was approaching (the 
bitter Adams-Jackson struggle which ended in Jack- 
son's election in 1828) in which many hoped that the 
Anti-Masons might hold the balance of power in the 
country at large as they did already in New York 
state. 

When the body claimed as Morgan's was washed 
ashore Thurlow Weed was one of those who hurried 
to view it. According to Henry O'Reilley, editor 
of a Rochester newspaper, Mr. Weed, when asked if 
he thought the body was really that of the missing 
man about whom the country was so concerned, re- 
plied, "It's a good enough Morgan for me until after 
the election. ' ' It was. Through Mr. Weed 's manage- 
ment the body was given a great funeral at Batavia 
which small village, for that one day in its history, 
was transformed into a metropolis. Thousands of 
people poured in to attend the funeral of ''the Ma- 
sonic Martyr." Mr. Stone says: 

"A funeral discourse was preached, and at the 
close of the solemn service the body was once more 
committed to its kindred earth, amid the tears of 
the widow and the curses of the people, deep and bit- 
ter, against the Masons. Then what showers of hand- 
bills and addresses and appeals to the passions of the 
people were sent forth in clouds, upon the wings of ' 
every breeze. 'The majesty of the people,' 'The tri- 
umph of justice over oppression,' 'Morgan's ghost 
walks unavenged among us,' 'Murder will out,' 'Ma- 
sons have had their day,' 'He that sheddeth man's 



ANNE ROYALL 99 

blood by man shall his blood be shed,' 'The voice of 
thy brother's blood ariseth to me from the ground.' 
These and such like expressions were watch-words and 
rallying-signals of a political party and the still, small 
voice of reason and reflection were drowned amid the 
universal din." 

Mr. Stone gives proofs at length to show that the 
body was not that of William Morgan. Moreover, 
all doubt was set at rest, by further investigation, 
caused by a newspaper advertisement asking for infor- 
mation concerning the body of one Timothy Monroe, 
of Clarke county in Canada who, a few weeks before 
the body was found, went in a boat to Newark, and 
was drowned in the Niagara river. Again the body 
was exhumed and again it was ' ' positively identified. ' ' 
The widow of Timothy Monroe swore that the body 
was that of her husband, and that the clothing was 
his to the least detail. But this rectification came too 
late to help the Masons politically. The last coroner's 
inquest was held October 29. Elections began the 
following Monday. Mr. Weed 's * ' Morgan ' ' held good 
for the voters. Instead of being allayed, the fight 
over Freemasonry went on, with ever increasing bitter- 
ness and coarseness on both sides. 

Now, in the midst of excitement like this, Anne 
Royall was not the woman to remain neutral. Her 
traditions and her convictions were all on the side of 
Masonry, and into Masonry she plunged with all the 
ardor of her being — and Anne 's ardor was a thing 
to be reckoned with. 

Mrs. Royall 's first book, Sketches of Life, Manners 
and History m the United States, had been on the 
whole, very favorably received. Perhaps the thought 



/" 



100 ANNE ROYALL 

occurred to some Mason, possibly Clagget, that the 
successful authoress might prove a valuable auxiliary 
to the threatened cause of Freemasonry in the United 
States, especially in the north and the east where op- 
position was most bitter. At all events, this much is 
sure, in 1827-28, Mrs. Royall did take an extended 
tour through Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, and 
all the New England states, during which trip her 
expenses were paid by Masons. Ostensibly, Mrs. Roy- 
all was gathering material for a second book during 
this tour. In reality, she also worked, and worked in 
some places (notably Harrisburg, Pa.) to pretty good 
purpose for the cause she held sacred — the cause of 
Freemasonry. 

Whenever she entered a town for the first time 
she brought with her to one or more of the prominent 
Masons of the place, a letter of introduction commend- 
ing her to their care. The Mason, or Masons, to whom 
the letter was addressed always made arrangements 
for her comfortable lodging and entertainment. Of 
her very cordial reception in Salem, Massachusetts, 
she says: 

"At Salem, as in all other cities, I was directed 
to a gentleman whose lot it fell, to see that I was 
comfortably situated as to pecuniary affairs. To a 
certain portion of the benevolent citizens of Salem, 
this needs no explanation. For others who do not 
understand me, I refer them to the Golden Rule of 
our Saviour." 

In New York city Mrs. Royall was given a benefit 
at the Chatham theater. Masons, to the number of 
four hundred, attended and the net receipts were a 



ANNE ROY ALL 101 

hundred and eighty dollars — a much larger sum in 
those days than now. 

A brutal assault upon Mrs. Royall in Vermont 
by an angry Anti-Mason caused great indignation 
among the Fraternity generally. It will be remem- 
bered that, of all the states, Vermont was most strong- 
ly Anti-Masonic. Mrs. Royall was warned not to 
enter the state upon her second tour but, as usual, 
she laughed at the idea of personal danger. Upon 
her arrival in Burlington in 1827, she was waited 
upon by three prominent Masons — Ex-Governor Van 
Ness, Mr. Haswell and Mr. Langdon. She writes: 
**In the course of the interview the state of society 
in Vermont, the various denominations, and the mis- 
sionary scheme, formed a part of the conversation." 
Probably the Morgan affair and its deplorable 
consequences also formed a "part of the conversa- 
tion," but Mrs. Royall was too good a Mason to say 
so. One of the gentlemen, pointing to a store oppo- 
site, told her that the proprietor was a typical ' * Blue- 
skin." 

Next day Mrs. Royall entered this store. She 
says: 

"The house had high steps before the door from 
which the snow had been removed. Upon going in I 
found a hard-featured, gloomy looking man standing 
outside the counter. Another was standing inside. 
I took him to be the proprietor. If the first was 
gloomy, the latter was fierce and savage. He was 
about fifty years of age, stoutly built, and wore a 
wig of a sandy color. His face looked of iron hard- 
ness, and seemed as if it had laid out on a frosty 
night. Of all Jonney Saws he had the most terrific 
look." 



102 ANNE ROYALL 

Mrs. Eoyall invited the gentleman thus pleasantly- 
described to buy her book. He replied that he would 
give her a permit to the workhouse where she belonged. 
A spirited word-encounter followed in which, doubt- 
less the woman came out victor. She admits using 
the term ' ' hypocrite ' ' effectivelj^ She goes on : 

"I was standing near the stove, which, as well 
as I can remember, was in the center of the room. 
While I was opening a paper to show him that I was 
not a subject for the workhouse, he walked deliberately 
to the door and opened it. Then he walked back and 
came behind me. He took hold of me with a hand on 
each shoulder and pushed me with such force that he 
sent me to the foot of the steps into the street. My 
ankle was dislocated, one of the bones of the same 
leg broken, and the whole limb bruised and mangled 
in the most shocking manner. This happened Decem- 
ber 17, 1827, and I never walked a step until June, 
1828, and I have not fully recovered yet." 

Passers-by picked her up and carried her to her 
boarding-house. Gen. Van Ness took legal steps but 
they seem to have been useless so far as any money 
damages were concerned. In the following hard 
weeks Mrs. Royall would have been very lonely had 
it not been for a young Canadian named Brooks. 
She writes : ' ' This amiable young man never missed 
an evening coming to see me. He read aloud from 
some amusing book, but chiefly Sterne. Verily, the 
Green Mountains never before nor since looked down 
upon so alien a sight as this amiable young man and 
supposedly Godless old Anne Royall chuckling to- 
gether over Tristram Shandy." 

During her enforced confinement Mrs. Royall was 
just about as easy to handle as a disabled lioness. She 



ANNE EOYALL 103 

confesses: "The doctors had a grievous time of it. 
Never having been confined in my life before, I was 
so outrageous and ungovernable that they one after 
another forsook me and left me to die in my sins." 

The following performance shows that the physi- 
cians could hardly be blamed: 

"A good natured Boston Doctor Pomeroy had 
splintered the limb up nicely. I refused to lie down. 
Shortly after he went off, I very deliberately took off 
the bandage and splints and, setting my ankle and foot 
in some warm beef brine, drew my table to me and 
went on writing. I continued to work, though grin- 
ning with pain, for about two hours." 

It was more than three years before the old lady 
was able to walk without limping. During that time, 
also, she suffered much pain. Small wonder that the 
book she was working on just after the assault. 
Volume III of the Black Book, is somewhat vitrolic. 

Mrs. Royall's views on the subject of Freemason- 
ry would fill a good sized volume and it is a safe 
guess that she was willing to, and did, express her 
views on the subject in every company. She was a 
good talker, quick in repartee. She used uncommon 
and telling similes. Moreover, she had a trick of 
hitting the nail on the head which was very convincing 
to listeners. And there always were listeners wher- 
ever Anne Royall was. By general consent, she usu- 
ally held the center of the stage. She was good fun. 
Young men, especially, enjoyed her immensely, and 
admired her courage. Her ridicule of Anti-Masons 
and their performances was entertaining even to many 
of the Anti-Masons themselves. As has been said, 
Masonry in the United States received its deadliest 



104 ANNE EOYALL 

blows from the Calvanistie churches. In lambasting 
Evangelicals in her Black Books, therefore, Mrs. Roy- 
all was at the same time defending Masonry by dis- 
crediting its opponents. Her most atrociously savage 
pen-portraits were of pious Antis, and her fiercest 
attacks were against the same set of individuals. 
The Black Book, in fact, is little more than a compila- 
tion of extremely unflattering portraits of Anti-Ma- 
sons. The essence of the satire has of course evap- 
orated with time but in their day the famous Black 
Books of Anne Royall gladdened many an angry 
Mason because he saw therein impaled hundreds, yes, 
thousands, of his enemies. In her newspapers, too, 
for almost a quarter of a century, Mrs. Royall kept 
up her fight for Masonry. Of the Morgan affair she 
disposes in a most Betsy Trotwood-like manner: 

' ' I believe the Morgan affair is a vile speculation 
to make money, and not only to make money, but 
further designed as a political engine. The story, 
like Juggernaut, operates upon the weak and ignor- 
ant; and the crafty and the designing use it to their 
own advantage. If Morgan was murdered, what of 
it? How many men are murdered daily without 
ascertaining by whom ! You cannot open a newspaper 
but you find a late murder. If the same fuss was 
made about every man murdered, of which no account 
can be given, it would exclude everything else from 
the papers. The presses would fail. Why is Morgan, 
if he be murdered, more than any other man ? If he 
be murdered, it was a wicked deed, and why not hang 
the murderer, if he can be found, and say no more 
about it? 'But,' they say, 'he was certainly mur- 
dered, though we cannot find his body nor the mur- 
derer.' Then if they cannot find the murderer, with 
all the police force of the country to ferret out the 



ANNE EOYALL 105 

crime, they are not very smart. This Morgan story is 
precisely like the witches of Salem. This Morgan 
plan is a match for the Missionary scheme to raise 
money and, lil^e them, they are aiming at power. 

" 'But the Masons,' they say, 'are heretics, too.' 
Was not General Washington a good man? He 
was a Mason. Was not Dr. Franklin a good man? 
He was a Mason. Was not DeWitt Clinton a good 
man ? He was a Mason. These are enough. Now all 
these are not only the best, but the greatest men in the 
world." 

Mrs. Royall meant every word she said when she 
declared : 

"These silly opponents might as well attempt to 
pluck the sun and moon out of the heavens, as to 
destroy Masonry — old as the deluge. And, to give 
my opinion of it in a few words, — if it were not for 
Masonry the world would become a herd of savages. 
Like the fire on the altar. Masons are the only class 
of men that have preserved charity and benevolence 
alive — that sacred spark which came dowTi from 
heaven, has been preserved by Masons. What more 
it consists of I do not know (for I have never looked 
into Morgan) this was enough, and more than any 
other institution can boast. Masonry can boast of the 
best Christians since the world began. My husband, 
well known to have been one of the most respectable 
of men, and descended from one of the most respecta- 
ble families in America, uniformly told me that Ma- 
sonry was the greatest institution in the world, and 
that if I was ever in distress to call on them. This I 
have found to be true. When Christians, so-called, the 
godly missionaries, have shut their doors upon me, 
the Masons have opened theirs." 

As a means of spreading disaffection, Anti-Ma- 
sonic almanacs were freely issued, and distributed all 
over the country. They were lurid and often illiter- 



106 ANNE ROYALL 

ate, but they sold well. The New England Almanac 
of 1830, is a rather superior specimen of these al- 
manacs. Over a hideous wood-cut is the sentence: 
"A poor blind candidate receiving his obligation." 
The cut shows a blind-folded candidate with a rope 
around his neck. He kneels before a dais upon which 
sits a ruling Mason with the face of a pig. Upon his 
head this ridiculous Grand-Master wears a conven- 
tional tall hat. He holds a wicked-looking gavel. 
Skulls and cross-bones are much in evidence. Near 
by stands another candidate, his hair on end with 
horror as he listens to the vow: 

* ' To all of which I do most solemnly promise and 
swear without the least equivocation, mental reserva- 
tion, or self evasion of mind in me whatever, binding 
myself under no less penalty than to have my throat 
cut across, my tongue torn out by the roots, and my 
body buried in the rough sands of the sea at low 
water mark where the tide ebbs and flows twice every 
twenty-four hours, so help me God, and keep me stead- 
fast in the performance of the same." 

Instead of the signs of the zodiac, at the top of 
each page is pictured a Mason making a sign — each 
of these twelve signs being of a horrifying nature. 
In the back part of the almanac are accounts of church 
and legislative action against Masonry during the 
preceding year and, also, a list of quotations from 
great men condemning Masonry. Even Washington 
is invoked by an abjuration, "Beware of secret so- 
sieties." Other almanacs picture Morgan's coffin, 
somewhat inconsistently with facts, showing his corpse 
with wife and children weeping above it. 



ANNE ROY ALL 107 

Mrs. Eoyall dealt with Anti-Masonic almanacs 
after a fashion of her own. She made and dissem- 

linated most unflattering pen-portraits of all who sold 
them. In one number of Paul Pry, too, she gives the 
names of every bookseller in Washington who keeps 
the almanacs on sale, along with caustic comments 
on each offending merchant. In picturesque language 
she warns the public not to patronize these book-sellers 
but to trade with others whose names she prints in 
large type as a roll of honor for not handling the 

i almanacs. 

I In view of the well known attitude of the Cath- 

; olic church in regard to Masonry it is really remark- 
able how little Catholics in the United States seemed 
to mix in this fierce strife. Anne Royall said they 
"minded their business" and she respected them ac- 
cordingly. But Presbyterians, Baptists, and Meth- 
odists fell greatly under her displeasure because of 
their hostile attitude toward Masonry. 

At large religious conventions, especially when 
held in New York state, resolutions were nearly al- 
ways introduced condemning Masonry. At a conven- 
tion of the Saratoga Baptist Association held at Mil- 
ton in 1828, fifteen reasons were solemnly set forth 
why Freemasonry should be suppressed by law. One 
of these reasons was: "Masonry amalgamates in its 
societies men of all religions professing to believe in 
the existence of a Supreme Being of any description; 
thereby defeating all its pretensions to the morality 
and religion of the Bible and sapping the foundations 
of Christian fellowship." 



i 



108 ANNE ROY ALL 

The way Mrs. Royall falls afoul of this plank in 
the ecclesiastical platform is both spirited and amus- 
ing, but her tirade is too long for quotation. 

Just before she established her first newspaper 
Mrs. Royall made a hurried trip to Boston, "on busi- 
ness of a confidential nature." "Whether this secret 
business concerned Masonry or only her own affairs 
we do not know. She makes several flings about this 
time which seem to hint that her trip was not uncon- 
nected with proposed legislation by the state of Mas- 
sachusetts against Masonry. Among other things she 
says, — "The editor of the Northampton, Mass., 
Courier has lately taken a trip to Worcester to visit 
the Insane Asylum. He ought to have gone to the 
Massachusetts Legislature — a great bundle of 
BOOBIES, with their 'Grand Lodge' legislation! The 
Members had better go home and go to driving oxen 
again, a business for which they are much better fitted 
than making laws." 

While in Boston, Mrs. Royall received a letter 
from students of Harvard University who seem, also, 
to have been Freemasons. Judged by the epistolary 
standards of today the letter is almost florid enough 
for burlesque. Compared to other similar communi- 
cations however, of other authors of that barren liter- 
ary period, it may well be accepted as a tribute of 
genuine admiration: 

"Harvard University, Nov. 15, 1831. 
"Dear Madam: il 

"Hearing of your arrival in Cambridge but a 
few hours since we, humble admirers of your talents 
and literary acquirements hasten to pay our respects 
to one whose labors (laying flattery aside) in the 



ANNE ROYALL 109 

i cause of truth and science, cannot fail of rendering 
her one of the brightest spots in the literary horizon, 
to which the youthful devotee may offer his humble 
homage, without the fear of being either insincere or 

: disrespectful. 

j "It has heretofore been a matter of astonish- 
ment to the literary world that females have con- 
tributed in so small a degree to the advancement of 
knowledge and science, and indeed so much so that 
men had begun to think that they were deficient in 
point of intellect. It was reserved for Anne Royall 
(we say it with unsophisticated pleasure) to remove 
this unjust impression from the minds of men, and 

I to show that the female character, however useless and 
incapable of literary exertion it may have been thought 
to be, can rank with the Newtons and Lockes of other 
days, and Scotts and Coopers of the present. 

"It would be useless for us, humble individuals, 
to attempt to do justice to the works with which you 
have favored the world, but we sincerely hope we may 
not be deemed impertinent if we express with classic 
enthusiasm, our admiration of works which are ad- 
mirable beyond the diamond's splendor or the ruby's 
brilliancy. God grant that your future exertions in 
the good cause you have undertaken may render your 
fame and popularity greater, if possible, than that 
gained by your former productions. 

"We have heard with pleasure of your intention 
of visiting the vile and unprincipled system of Anti- 
Masonry with the severity of your powerful pen. No 
wonder that its intolerant principles should excite the 
indignation of a virtuous and fearless female whose 
great spirit will not brook to be fettered by any nar- 
row-minded blood-suckers. Let us hope that, with 
justice and divine Providence on your side, you can- 
not fail of success — and as incentive to exert your 
gigantic powers your name will hereafter be enrolled 
on the tablet of fame as one who, while her country- 



110 ANNE ROYALL 

men were tamely submitting to unjust oppression, 
easting aside in the hour of peril, the garb of woman- 
ish bashfulness and timidity, opposed the lowering 
storm and restored her countrymen to peace and lib- 
erty. 

' ' We have viewed with heartfelt sorrow the black- 
guard manner in which you have been treated in many 
parts of this country, and have also admired the spir- 
ited manner in which you have resented those insults 
alike against common decorum and female delicacy. 
Were it not that modesty forbids it we would not hes- 
itate to say that our hands and our powers will at all 
times be devoted to the cause of one persecuted as you 
have been. 

' ' It may seem, respected Madam, that our address- 
ing you in this manner, is impolite as well as un- 
called for, and insulting to the delicate feelings of a 
woman — but may we venture to hope that the en- 
thusiasm of youth, and a devoted admiration of your 
superior worth, will excuse this abrupt expression of 
our feelings and remove any disagreeable impressions 
which may have at first arisen in your mind. 

Hoping this communication may meet with your 
approbation, permit us to subscribe ourselves, 

"Your Devoted Admirers, 

"Many Students. 
"Mrs. Anne Royall, 
"Cambridge." 

For about six years the Anti-Masonic party in- 
creased with amazing rapidity, holding the balance of 
power in New York state and spreading over all of 
New England, much of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and 
Delaware, the South, and, to some extent, the West. 

In 1832 it named a presidential candidate, Wil- 
liam Wirt, who received the electoral vote of Vermont. 
Up to his amalgamation with the Anti-Masons, Mrs. 



ANNE ROYALL 111 

Eoyall had admired Mr. Wirt, who was the author 
of Letters of a British Spy, a book that passed in a 
short time through twelve editions. Mrs. Royall 
quotes ironically, "Mr. Wirt died the day after he 
published the Spy. ' ' 

In Harrisburg, Penn., which was a stronghold of 
Masonry, Mrs. Royall was treated like a queen. She 
was given the privilege of the floor in both houses of 
the legislature, dined and feted and publicly thanked 
for her services. She even went to church — and 
in style : 

"I arrived Saturday. Next morning. General 

Ogle, the old 76, attended with a barouche and five 

or six outriders, and thus honored I was led to the 

front pew which had been reserved for the purpose. 

j Next day I was escorted to the Senate where I found 

j matter enough for my pen." 

i 

Mrs. Royall then gives a long line of pen-por- 
traits of the members of both houses, of the supreme 
court, and of the bar of Pennsylvania in 1828 — a 
most interesting collection. A farewell dinner was 
given her: 

''When my departure drew near, the gentlemen 
of Harrisburg were pleased to honor me with a din- 
ner. Without flattering Mr. Wilson, at whose tavern 
the dinner was given, it was the most splendid I ever 
saw in the western or the eastern states. 

' ' But the Toast — I was supported on the right 
by Gen. Ogle, the oldest General of the Revolution, 
and on the left by Gen. Wise. I was asked whom I 
would have in front. I replied, the editors, my great- 
est friends. Accordingly, three editors sat before me, 
of whom Mr. Stambaugh of the Reporter, was one. 



112 ANNE EOYALL 

"While I was thus honored, Mr. Hay, of the 
Sentinel, came up behind me and, leaning on my chair, 
proposed a reconciliation. I always come to the point 
at once, and, taking a glass of wine, I proposed he 
should abjure Blue-skins forever. This was a tough 
pill, he hummed and hawed some time. Mr. Stam- 
baugh, finding that he hesitated, filled up a glass and 
said, ' I will pledge you, Mrs. Royall ; Blue-Skins, may 
all their throats be cut. ' 

"Harrisburg contains between three and four 
thousand inhabitants ; and beside the buildings already 
mentioned, has a magnificent Masonic hall, a court 
house, a prison and several churches." 

Always, in her small newspapers, Mrs. Royall 
made room for articles favoring Masonry. Once she 
gives two full pages of four-page Paul Pry to a State- 
ment of Masonic Principles, originally issued (1832) 
in the Boston Commercial, by prominent Masons of 
Boston and neighboring towns. She introduces the 
Statement by saying: 

"As the widow of a Mason who sat in the lodge 
with General Washington and General Lafayette, and 
who fought by their sides in the cause of Freedom, 
it gives us much pleasure to exhibit to the world so 
large and respectable body of the Fraternity. ' ' 

This declaration of principles is interesting as 
showing the serious state into which the ancient order 
of Freemasonry had fallen in the United States within 
a comparatively short time : 

"While the public mind remained in the high 
state of excitement, to which it had been carried by 
the partial and inflammatory representations of cer- 
tain offences committed by a few misguided members 
of the Masonic Institution in a sister state, it seemed 
to the undersigned (residents of Boston and vicinity) 



ANNE ROYALL 113 

to be expedient to refrain from a public declaration of 
their principles and engagements as Masons. But be- 
lieving the time now to be fully come, when their 
fellow-citizens will receive with candour, if not with 
satisfaction, a solenm and unequivocal denial of the 
allegation which, during the last five years, in conse- 
quence of their connection with the Masonic Frater- 
nity, have been reiterated against them, they respect- 
fully ask permission to invite attention to the sub- 
joined Declaration." 

A lengthy setting forth of uplifting principles 
follows, ending with : ' ' The undersigned can neither 
renounce nor abandon ]\Iasonry. "We most cordially 
unite with our brethren of Salem and vicinity in the 
declaration and hope that should the people of this 
country become so infatuated as to deprive Masons 
of their civil rights, in violation of their written con- 
stitutions, and of the wholesome spirit of free laws 
and just governments, a vast majority of the Frater- 
nity will still remain firm, confiding in God and the 
rectitude of their intentions for consolation under the 
trials to which they may be exposed." 

There were hundreds of signatures representing 
many different towms. Among the Boston names are 
Cabot, Wells, Chickering, Shaw, Melvil, and many 
others well-known in the history of Massachusetts. 

From the first day of her desolate widowhood to 
the time, long afterward, when she was carried to her 
still unmarked grave in the Congressional cemetery at 
Washington, IMasons were Anne Royall's friends even 
as she, through evil and good report, was a loyal friend 
to them. 



CHAPTEE VII 
Mrs. Roy all Versus Evangelicalism 

To understand Anne Royall 's character — to ac- 
count for her writings — the reader must, emotionally 
and intellectually, put himself back into the age in 
which she lived. To do this he is forced to view, al- 
most exclusively, the harsher side of a great religious 
faith to which the advancement of the United States 
— the advancement of the world — owes a vast debt, 
namely, Calvinism, or, as it was then more loosely and 
generally termed in the United States, Evangelicalism. 

The best in that stern old Puritan faith survives 
in upright individual characters and in noble and use- 
ful churches and colleges of our own day. Its harsh- 
est practices and teachings, mere outgrowths of mon- 
archical despotism, have, thanks largely to natures of 
the Anne Royall type, fallen into deserved desuetude. 
Those fearful old doctrines made no man or woman 
spiritually content. They drove many men, women, 
and even children insane, ' * Alas ! ' ' cries Anne Royall, 
"when will the long catalogue be filled of the unfor- 
tunate victims of the impious and cruel dogmas of AN 
IMPLACABLE GOD, AN OMNIPOTENT DEVIL, 
AND AN ENT)LESS HELL ? Never until those hor- 
rid dogmas are banished from the earth. ' ' 

In Anne Royall's time literal fire and brimstone 
were preached from many pulpits. Any person who 



ANNE ROYALL 115 

admitted doubts of the man-made "Westminster 
Confession" or who did not go to "meeting" regu- 
larly was, in many places, practically ostracized. The 
fight was on, almost to the death, between so-called 
Orthodoxy and the twin heresies of Unitarianism 
and Universalism. In this unyielding conflict meth- 
ods were used on both sides which, in calmer times 
would have been condemned by both as dishonorable 
and dishonoring. Writing in 1823 to a classmate who 
had left Harvard, then the fountain-head of Unitar- 
ianism, to go to Andover, the stronghold of Evangeli- 
calism, Ralph Waldo Emerson says: 

"I am delighted to hear that there is such a 
profound studying of German and Hebrew, Parkhurst 
and Jahn, and such other names as the memory aches 
to think of at Andover. Meantime, Unitarianism will 
not hide her honors; as many hard names are taken, 
and as much theological mischief is planned at Cam- 
bridge as at Andover. By the time this generation 
gets upon the stage, if the controversy will not have 
ceased, it will have run such a tide that we shall 
hardly be able to speak to one another, and there will 
be a guelph and ghibelline quarrel which cannot tell 
where the difference lies." 

The controversy did not cease. Instead, it grew 
dangerously each year until, in some quarters, the 
state was actually threatened as any unprejudiced and 
independent historical student may learn who will 
force himself to browse long over the dry pastures of 
dead American politics. Among the Evangelicals 
were many who believed that Universalism and Uni- 
tarianism could be put down only by the establish- 
ment of a state religion. The growing tide of immi- 



116 ANNE ROYALL 

gration from Ireland at that date also strengthened the 
popular prejudice, especially in New England, against 
Catholicism. That old faith, too, many claimed should 
be put down by law. Others, less scrupulous, saw 
that, under pretext of "spreading the Gospel in the 
West" at government expense, much advantage 
might come to them personally as administrators 
of the public bounty. The mails were called upon to 
carry printed evangelical literature free. In fact, a 
good many laws were actually put through which 
greatly aided the Church and State supporters — the 
"Christian party in politics," as it was often called. 
A celebrated clergyman said openly: "If we cannot 
bring our party into the field in ten years, we can in 
twenty, and can carry an election against any party." 

It was this actually proposed and secretly worked 
for union of Church and State that Anne Royall 
fought with voice and pen (not always gracefully) 
until the day she died. Stationing herself under the 
very dome of the Capitol at Washington, Mrs. Royall, 
for thirty-odd years, watched Congress, as a cat 
watches a mouse-hole, to see that Evangelical lobbyists 
made no breaches in the Constitution. Unquestiona- 
bly, Anne Royall did discover, expose, and frustrate 
several well-laid plans to make sincere and self-deny- 
ing missionaries in the West the tools of political am- 
bition and corporate greed. The bitterest hatred 
against Mrs. Royall in Evangelical circles was due, not 
to her free-thought theories nor her defence of Free- 
masonry; but, mainly, to her actual achievements in 
blocking religio-political schemes. 



ANNE ROYALL 117 

That England, the traditional foe of the United 
States, secretly aided the Church and State people 
was believed in many quarters. Two men who came 
over to the United States from Scotland about the year 
1817 to introduce the tract system among the Evan- 
gelical churches, were supposed by many to be political 
emissaries. Anne Royall strongly shared this suspicion. 

Tracts soon flooded the land. Of the poorest 
literary quality and the most driveling substance, they 
were turned out by the ton. Tracts were left on 
steamboats. Tracts were placed in racks on the walls 
of every tavern. Tracts cluttered stage-coaches. 
Tracts were thrust into door-ways. Professional and 
volunteer "readers" of tracts forced themselves, after 
the manner satirized by Dickens in Bleak House, into 
the homes of poverty and sickness. Young women 
held out tracts to strangers whom they met in the 
streets. In fact, it snowed tracts all over the United 
States for a period of more than thirty years. 

Mrs. Royall treated a tract much as a bull would 
treat a red rag. Traveling on a river boat she says: 
"On the table in the main saloon were large bound 
volumes of tracts. I threw several of them over- 
board." Again, "According to my custom, I opened 
the window and, tearing the hotel tracts to bits, threw 
them out in the street." Her contempt for tracts 
was unbounded: 

"I affirm that these tracts are scandalous imposi- 
tions, void of decency and common-sense, a libel on 
religion and morality — such as the following from 
the tract called The Little Chimney-sweep Boy : 

" *I very much regretted that I had no Bible of 
my own; this was a treasure that I longed to have 



118 ANNE ROYALL 

constantly near me. I resolved to save all the money 
which was given to me to buy the word of God. In 
about six months I had saved a sum that I thought 
might be sufficient for the purpose, with which I post- 
ed off to an old book-shop, where I bought a second- 
hand Bible ; and as I carried it away I thought myself 
one of the happiest individuals in the world. All my 
spare time I employed in reading the sacred Scrip- 
tures; and I have to bless God that they were made 
very useful to my master 's daughter. ' ' ' 

The reference to "my master's daughter" par- 
ticularly infuriates Mrs. Royall. She tears the whole 
tale to pieces in a vigorous manner. She points out 
that no child of normal mind would ever cherish any 
such feelings as those attributed to the little chimney- 
sweep prig. "Nothing but hyprocrisy," she declares, 
' ' is bred from a story like this. Truth and falsehood 
cannot occupy the same portion of the mind at the 
same time, and it is an axiom that every tenet or prin- 
ciple founded on error, is equally erroneous. The ob- 
ject of education is completely frustrated by these 
tracts in the very first step — for instead of making 
truth the guide which is to lead the youth on step by 
step, till he is able to judge for himself, which is the 
end of education, these pious teachers make falsehood 
his guide, and he is cut off from all possibility of im- 
proving those talents which he inherits from Nature; 
and by implanting in his young mind false notions of 
morality and religion, he becomes either a hypocrite 
or a confirmed bigot, and if his mind happens to be 
weak, a fanatic." 

The influence of ministers over women was a 
standing matter of scorn to Anne Royall. Even her 



ANNE ROYALL 119 

own sister, whom she had seen but twice in fifty years, 
did not escape her sarcasm. ''As soon as I saw my 
sister I set her down for a Missionary and I was not 
wrong. I cannot praise the neatness of her house — 
but then, she had to go to Meeting which left her but 
little time to attend to her domestic concerns." The 
term "Missionary," as Mrs. Royall employs it, means 
simply any person subscribing to evangelical doc- 
trines, and Red Jacket, himself, did not hate a Mis- 
sionary worse than Mrs. Royall did. 

Again, describing conditions at Washington: 

"It is painful to see handsome young females 
who might grace a levee, caterwauling about with a 
parcel of ignorant young fellows (for their singing is 
more like cats' mewing than anything else) every 
evening. Here they sit, flirting their fans and suffo- 
cating with heat for hours while some cunning Mis- 
sionary tells them a long story about the Lord's do- 
ings. They have the Lord's doings in the Bible better 
told than any Missionary tells it. Why do they not, 
if religiously inclined, stay at home in their father's 
house and read the Lord's doings? But there are 
no young men there. Now if these young ladies were 
really Christians, instead of dressing and flirting 
about at night with young fellows they would hunt 
up the destitute and afflicted and relieve their suffer- 
mgs. 

With unbridled indignation, Mrs. Royall witness- 
ed the shameful frauds practiced on the Indians in 
the name of Christianity. In spite of her early fear 
of the Indians, she always defended them. She says : 

" It is a well knowTi fact that there was not a more 
upright, noble or virtuous people on the globe, or one 
possessed of a higher sense of honor than the aborig- 



120 ANNE ROYALL 

ines of America until they were contaminated by the 
missionaries. Was there ever a nobler character than 
Logan?" 

Very likely, too, there were personal reasons for 
Mrs. Royall's hatred of ''missionaries." She sprang 
from Catholic Maryland. Her parents were probably 
Catholics. She had heard them tell, perhaps, the 
shameful story of state hospitality abused by Protest- 
ant exiles who found in Catholic Maryland an asylum 
from the religious fury of their fellow-Protestants. 
Claiborne's rebellion was not forgotten. 

Although often asserting that she could not ac- 
cept the dogmas of the Catholic church, Mrs. Royall 
has only praise for the members of that church who, 
she says, ' ' are always ready to relieve distress. ' ' The 
probability is that Father William Matthews, of Wash- 
ington, her closest friend on earth, was the only human 
being beside herself, who knew the family history of 
William Newport. In his day Father Matthews kept 
many a secret for the nobility of England and the old 
families of aristocratic Maryland. 

That the Evangelists had organized begging into 
a systematic net-work cannot be denied. Anne Royall 
spoke truly when she declared : ' ' Their force of col- 
lectors overspreads the country — steam-boats, stages, 
little wagons, single horses, foot-travelers. Females 
we could not enumerate, poor things, how they must 
suffer! All these have a certain per cent on what 
they collect. The foot trudgers get ten per cent. ' ' 

Again she writes: "The next is the money part, 
yes, money is the moving spring — money — money 
— money — all their plans tend to fill their treasury. 



ANNE ROYALL 121 

The heathen are to be converted. This cannot be done 
without pious young men. These pious young men 
must be clothed and educated — this cannot be done 
without teachers and money. These teachers must be 
fed, too, and have large fine houses to live in, and 
large houses to teach in. Then there are all their 
foreign and home missions — their Bible, Tract and 
other societies — all require money ; and the priest 
is not backward in telling them. In the forenoon it is 
money, in the afternoon it is money, in the evening 
it is money. Why, their God must be a very Dagon, 
without bottom or shore. ' ' 

Mrs. Royall once quoted with considerable effect, 
before a congressional committee, an official appeal, 
made by the Presbyterian Board asking for seven 
thousand ministers and twenty-five thousand compe- 
tent religious teachers. She comments on this esti- 
mate sharply: 

** There is an army for you. They call for a 
missionary revenue of $748,323,999, and there is 
enough to pay it. These pious young men would 
leave Saint Paul, if he were still on earth, far in the 
background. Saint Paul coveted no man's silver or 
gold. He labored with his own hands. Which of our 
priests was ever seen at work? Which of them can 
say he never coveted any man's silver or gold? Is 
it St. Ely, of Philadelphia, St. Beecher of Boston, St. 
Spring of New York? Let these reverend saints 
answer the question. These three or four thousand 
dollar saints would not invite Saint Paul into their 
houses. ' ' 

Repeated thrusts of this sort told. ''Saints 
Beecher, Ely and Spring" did not love Anne Royall, 
whose Black Books were beginning to be talked of 



122 ANNE ROY ALL 

everywhere. One, at least, of these reverend saints 
later made his influence felt against the woman. 

But if Mrs. Royall had been bitter against Evan- 
gelicalism before Anti-Masonry arose, she was ten 
thousand times more savage in her onslaughts after 
the Morgan excitement had riven American society 
and the Calvanistic sects had ranged themselves with 
the opponents of what Mrs. Royall believed to be the 
noblest institution on earth — Masonry. 

Naturally, when Mrs. Royall entered a town there 
was something of a furore in evangelical circles. 
"She could always say something which would set 
the ungodly in a roar of laughter," according to the 
testimony of a New Hampshire admirer. When she 
went to Cincinnati a clerical gentleman there wrote 
her the following letter: 

"Cincinnati, 3d Sept., 1830. 
"Madam: — 

"The cloth I wear is sufficient apology for ad- 
dressing you. Your arrival in this city has caused a 
considerable sensation, even among my own little 
flock. The various congregations here were much en- 
gaged, and indeed labouring hard, in the Avork of our 
Saviour, Jesus Christ. At a recent meeting held 
near this city, we had a glorious harvest — a feast of 
love was enjoyed by more than three thousand of our 
fellow-mortals (after the manner of the apostles) the 
doctrines of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ were 
freely delivered to thousands, by those who were chos- 
en for that purpose. 

' ' That your writings and conversation have oper- 
ated injuriously to the cause of good Morals, not to 
say of Religion, is well known to all who have be- 
stowed a thought on the subject. Yet, that the motive 
influencing you is also bad I am not prepared to say, 



ANNE ROYALL 123 

but so far from it, the Christian's charity would as- 
cribe it to a mistaken view — to a want of that inti- 
mate knowledge of our faith and practice, without 
which it is unsafe to war with an established creed. 

"Without further preface, then, I will ingenu- 
ously confess to you, Madam, that my object in ad- 
dressing you is to elicit your views, succinctly, in 
relation to 'Tract,' and to 'Missionary Societies.' 
That you have been in opposition to these great and 
[Vital interests I am well apprised. But as to the 
exact, the specific, objections urged to each, I am in 
some degree ignorant. 

[ "If to subserve the cause of religion and morals 
be, indeed, your motive, I pledge myself to use my 
feeble abilities, with divine assistance, to expose their 
fallacious character to the world — even that those 
who run may read. 

"Your views through either of the public prints 
of the day, to which you have access, will be responded 
to in like public manner. 

' ' Very respectfully yours 



r'Mrs. Anne Royall 

I "P. S. If you would prefer a public discussion 
of these questions I will not, imder proper restric- 
tions, object to it." 

Mrs. Roy all's reply is eminently characteristic: 
"Cincinnati, Sept. 4, 1830. 

"Mr. 

"Sir: — 

"I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of 
I your letter of yesterday, and admit your apology as 
to your cloth, which I presume is that of a clergy- 
man, though you happened not to name it. You 
say, sir, that my 'arrival in this city has caused a 
i considerable sensation even among your own little 
I flock.' Then they do not trust in their god, it is 



124 ANNE ROYALL 

plain, or they would not be afraid of an old woman. 
Permit me to assure them, through you, that I shall 
leave them in full possession of all the piety and 
goodness they ever possessed — to which I may add, 
life and limb. 

"You speak of various congregations 'recently 
engaged in the good work of your Lord Jesus Christ' 
in this city, and of ' a glorious harvest — feast of love 
enjoyed by more than three thousand fellow-mortals,' 
and that the doctrines of your Lord and Saviour, etc., 
were 'freely delivered to thousands by those who were 
chosen for that purpose. ' To these declarations, per- 
mit me in the first place to say, that I am entirely 
governed by actions, and pay no more respect to peo- 
ple who boast of their ' labors, ' ' glorious harvest, ' etc., 
etc., etc., than I would to a female who would boast 
of her virtue, or a man who would boast of his hon- 
esty. I would rather see one good action, (and I pre- 
sume God would too) than hear ten thousand good 
words. In the second place, I would merely remark 
as I have seen none of your good works, I am unable 
to judge of them, and that self-praise is very much 
like hyprocrisy. Now the essence of the foregoing is 
this — that three thousand righteous people, with their 
god on their side, and yourself at their head, should 
be intimidated by a single old ivoman, and one, too, 
who was raised in the woods among the Indians, with- 
out the benefit of education, or any religion, save that 
of the savages, demonstrates either that your god is 
not able to protect you, or that you are unworthy of 
his protection. I do not, I assure you, sir, say this 
from any other motive than a strict regard for our 
mutual benefit. I am one of those heathen you are 
so anxious to convert. I never read the Bible nor do 
I know the tenets of any sect. I am a heathen and 
have come to your door. I have saved you the trouble 
and expense of traveling. I am not an infidel — 
that is, I do not say the Bible or the Christian religion 



ANNE ROYALL 125 

is untrue. All I say is that I do not read the Bible 
and I will tell you why. I was raised, as I said, among 
the heathen, where I learned nothing but virtue and 
independence. When introduced among civilized 
people the Bible was put into my hands. But before 
I looked into it I watched the conduct of those who 
read it, and I found they committed murder, they 
robbed, they got drunk, they betrayed their friends 
and were guilty of all kinds of abominations, and I was 
afraid to read the Bible lest I might do so too. 

"You say, in the next place, that my 'writings 
and conversation have operated injuriously to the 
cause of good morals, not to say religion.' This 
proves that you have never read my writings, for you 
will find that the main object of them is to inculcate 
virtue and expose vice — to patronize merit of what- 
soever sect, country or politics, to put down pride 
and arrogance ; to strip the mask from hypocrisy. 
You speak of christian charity, and suppose I am 'ig- 
norant of your faith and practice ' without which it is 
at least ' unsafe to war with an established creed. ' To 
this I reply that the threat in the last sentence proves 
the kind of christian charity you possess. But you 
are a little mistaken, sir. I am not ignorant of your 
practice (or at least the practice of your sect) what- 
ever I may be of your faith. The attempt upon my 

life in Vermont, by one of your elders, a Mr. H , 

of Burlington, who left me for dead! The attempt 
on my liberty at Washington, last summer, proves 
enough. Both these parties practiced long prayers, 
attended Bible-Sunday-school, and other societies, 
which includes your practice too — what the faith 
of such people is, is a matter of no consequence. 

"But your object, you say, is to 'elicit my views 
on the subject of Bible, Tract and Missionary socie- 
ties.' I view all those schemes as vile speculations 
to amass money and power (for money is power) 



126 ANNE ROYALL 

which (and the Sunday mail) proves your object is 
to unite church and state. I am opposed to these 
schemes because the money is taken from the poor 
and ignorant, as no man of sense would pay for the a 
gospel which, I understand, is to be had without || 
money and without price. I know you will say this l| 
money is to spread the gospel. What I understand 
of it is, that it comes from God, some of his laws, ,'« 
perhaps. Now I would not give a fig for a god that l! 
could not spread his own gospel, or any gospel, with- 
out money. I would rather have a god of wood or 
stone than one who robs the poor and ignorant under 
a cloak. But to come to the point at once: God ,, 
made the heaven, and the earth, sun, moon and stars, || 
etc. Now I am a poor ignorant heathen, as I told 
you before, and would merely ask if the god who 
made all these things could not make money, if he 
wanted it? But the fact is that God has nothing to 
do with this swindling; the money is laid up in the 
bank to overturn our government. Every Bible given 
away last year cost the poor (see the Report) the 
modest siun of $17.57. This proves your practice 
and tracts the same. Now these tracts, you say, are 
to save souls. What became of the souls of all who 
died before tracts were invented? You say, sir, that 
if I would prefer a public discussion you would not, 
under proper restrictions, object to it. As I did not I 
seek the discussion so neither will I shrink from it, 
in any place, and assure you, sir, that I would be 
happy to see you at my rooms, or in public as Messrs. 
Campbell and Owen did heretofore. I do not know 
what you mean by 'proper restrictions' but I would 
suppose that, armed as you are, with mountains of I 
tracts and Bibles, to say nothing of your sex, you can 
be in no danger from an old woman. If you are 
afraid of one heathen, how are you to convert thou- 
sands, nay, millions? And who knows but (as I hear : 



ANNE ROYALL 127 

you are very pious and holy) you may convert me? 
This blessed event would be of infinite benefit to your 
cause. I am, very respectfully, yours, 

"Anne Royall. 

"P. S. I am disposed to meet and part with you 
on friendly terms, but if you choose to 'war,' as you 
say, you recollect the fate of Dr. Ely — I have a few 
more sky-rockets left." 

Even in this day a letter as ' ' sassy ' ' as that would 
create something of a sensation. Needless to say it 
did not add to Mrs. Royall's popularity among the 
Evangelicals. 

Mrs. Royall firmly believed that Sunday schools 
were nothing more nor less than training-schools for 
traitors. An attempt made in several states to secure 
charters for Sunday schools, and certain injudicious 
sermons of zealous clergymen furnished, in the eyes 
of many who agreed with her, proof enough of the real 
existence of a Church and State party in politics. 
One celebrated preacher declared: 

"The electors of those five classes of true Chris- 
tians united in the sole requisites of apparent friend- 
ship to Christianity, in every candidate for office whom 
they will support, might govern every public election 
in our country without infringing in the least, upon 
the character of our civil liberties. I am free to avow 
that, other things being equal, I would prefer for my 
chief magistrate, and judge and ruler, a sound Pres- 
byterian. ' ' 

In the Boston Recorder, Dr. Lyman Beecher said : 

"It is needless to say that under this economy 
the destinies of the Church and the State will soon 
be in the hands of those who are receiving their edu- 



128 ANNE ROYALL 

cation. In our academic halls will be the future law- 
givers and religious teachers of our great Republic." 

This speech was followed by an impassioned ap- 
peal for funds to support denominational schools and 
(what moved Mrs. Roy all to extreme wrath) to get 
the Sunday School Union books into the Congres- 
sional Library. 

"Do our Senators and Representatives want to 
read these driveling baby -books ? ' ' she asks, ironically. 

Fully one-third of the first Black Book is devoted 
to an arraignment of the missionary system. There 
is much, very much, in this and in the third Black 
Book, as well as in the Southern Tour, to offend the 
taste of a literary critic. But there is also a great 
deal of truth. It was the grain of truth in each 
bushel of tiresome personal experiences related that 
made Mrs. Royall hated by Evangelicals all over the 
United States. The Montgomery, Alabama, Journal 
said: 

"She is doing much good in opposition to fanati- 
cism. Mrs. Royall has a rare knack of castigating an 
enemy. If they think she has no power to hurt them 
they deceive themselves, for she cuts as deep as any 
of the Washington editors." 



^»> 



"Wherever Anne Royall went intelligent young 
men always liked her immensely, and sought her com- 
pany. The softest spot in her heart was reserved for 
her * ' boys. ' ' She writes : 

"At Northampton I met a number of my saucy 
Boston Yankees, who take great liberties with me 
knowing I am partial to them. They were wealthy 
gentlemen 's sons who had come there to study law as, 



ANNE ROYALL 129 

amongst other good things, Northampton boasts of 
the first legal knowledge in the state. But these 
saucy rogues (had seen me before at Harvard they 
said) almost tore me to pieces amongst them. I 
threatened them with my Black Book, but well they 
knew they lay too near my heart. We finally amused 
ourselves with a black ramrod of a missionary who 
was stalking along the street imder our window. It 
was laughable to see his loftiness and pomposity, and 
how he looked down with sovereign contempt on the 
Unitarians. He had just come from the tailor's with 
a new black surtout coat which he studiously viewed 
as he measured the pavement. ' ' 

A nephew of the artist Vaux, of Philadelphia, 
slyly sketched Mrs. Royall while she interviewed his 
uncle. She says, laughingly, ' ' I would not have cared 
had he not hit off my old flop-bordered cap so exactly. 
He knew I loved him and rolled his black eye at me 
as unconcernedly as though he had done nothing at 
all." 

Many of Mrs. Royall 's adversaries have called 
her ' ' shrewd. ' ' She was not a shrewd woman, Back- 
woods simplicity always clung to her. In slang par- 
lance, anybody could "gull" her by making the slight- 
est protestation of friendship or good will or, easiest 
of all, by pleading distress. 

In many respects Anne Royall was the child of 
her time. Her method of fighting what she believed 
to be evil left much to be desired in the way of amen- 
ity. In regard to Evangelicalism, she was preju- 
diced, partisan, aggressive, suspicious, and unreason- 
able as Andrew Jackson, himself, was toward the 
objects of his dislike or suspicion. But, like him, she 
1 was honestly, ruggedly patriotic. In every attack she 



130 



ANNE ROY ALL 



made — whether against a windmill of her own imag- 
ination or against a real ecclesiastical abuse — she 
sincerely believed that she was fighting for the preser- 
vation of that government whose upbuilding had cost 
the lives of countless American martyrs. 



f 



CHAPTER VIII 
The Trial 

Mrs. Royall's biographer would have no right to 
dip his brush in whitewash, for she would scorn a 
spurious vindication. Truth was the key-note of 
Anne Royall's oft-discordant life. She handled others 
without gloves and she would wish to be handled 
plainly herself. 

There is no denying the fact that, for awhile 
after the astounding success of her Black Book, Mrs. 
Royall's head was turned. For a year she gave her- 
self ridiculous airs. She showed herself happily con- 
scious of the flutter occasioned by her entrance into 
a public assembly or a private house. When a person 
did not at once recognize her she would say, with 
childish naivete, "It is Mrs. Royall with whom you 
are talking." She exulted openly that persons for- 
merly insolent to her had suddenly become deferen- 
tial. Her quick sense of humor was tickled when 
politicians, judges, office-holders. Doctors of Divinity 
took to their heels at her approach. Not all ran, 
however, by any means. Many people of high social 
standing liked to see their own portraits touched up 
alluringly, by Mrs. Royall's gratitude or admiration. 
Hundreds of such men and women, when she was in 
the heydey of her power, met Anne Royall with feign- 



132 ANNE ROYALL 

ed smiles, hoping thereby to obtain a line of favorable 
mention in one of her forthcoming books. 

The accusation that Mrs. Royall sometimes paid 
back in ugly printed satire personal insults she had 
received is true. That she grossly flattered her friends, 
though, is less strictly true. Mrs. Royall idealized 
her friends. She really was as grateful as she seemed 
for the slightest favor. She believed her own words 
when she wrote of A. B. C, and so on to the end of 
the chapter, " He is the finest human being on earth, ' ' 
Anne Royall was always meeting the "finest human 
being on earth." What is more surprising, in the 
case of an impetuous nature like hers, she never re- 
tracted her friendship. Even when one to whom she 
had been sacrificingly generous proved unworthy the 
harshest thing she had to say was, "He was kind to 
me once and I can never forget that." 

On the other hand, there are hundreds of cases 
where men and women with whom she had once been 
at sword's points afterward became her staunch 
friends. 

During this prosperous period of her authorship, 
money was coming in rapidly. But it went more 
rapidly. Right and left she scattered it, in response 
to tales of real or fictitious distress. One who studies 
lAnne Royall 's entertaining personality can but smile 
ito think how she would snort and run amuck through 
the labyrinthine red tape of modern Associated Char- 
ity. "While she was still a power, Mrs. Royall often 
forced rich men to give to the poor. For a time she 
was lionized in Washington. In view of all she had 
suffered before and of all she was to suffer afterward, 



ANNE ROYALL 133 

few readers will begrudge Blrs. Royall her one short 
year of gratified vanity. Other authors greater than 
she have been similarly intoxicated by an over-draught 
of fame. Her fall was near. 

Mrs. Royall had a formidable host against her. 
All the evangelical ministers of the country (with the 
exception of a few whose sense of humor was stronger 
than their theology) hated her with what they be- 
lieved to be godly zeal. Their congregations, as a 
unit, abhorred her. Politicians whose elections de- 
pended on the influence of church members — and in 
that day there were few outside that category — were 
tacitly pledged to discountenance her. The Anti- 
Masons would gladly have torn her to pieces. A regi- 
ment of office-holders in Washington resented her nos- 
ing through the departments at frequent intervals 
with a view to exposing their shortcomings as servants 
of the people. The money-power, represented by the 
United States Bank, a monopoly against which she 
pluckily took up cudgels long before Andrew Jackson 
thought of opposing it, was solidly against her. Two 
infant causes which one would suppose Mrs. Royall's 
temperament would have led her to espouse — tem- 
perance and anti-slavery — fought her because she 
opposed them. She firmly believed that both were 
only disguised auxiliaries of her dreaded bogey — the 
Church and State party. 

A free-lance is always lonesome. Even the Uni- 
tarians did not care to affiliate too closely with Mrs. 
Royall. Early Unitarianism was aristocratic. Anne 
Royall, in dress, speech, and manners was emphatic- 
ally unconventional. Unitarianism set much store by 



134 ANNE ROYALL 

culture. Mrs. Royall's education included neither 
art, philosophy, music, nor foreign languages. Uni- 
tarianism walked softly. A church that condemned 
the mild, well-bred free-thought of Emerson could 
hardly be expected to sympathize with tear-down 
Anne Royall, who, moreover, was always stridently 
declaring that she was not a Unitarian. 

With the fool-hardy daring of a free-lance, Mrs. 
Royall laughed in the faces of her enemies. When 
her laughter began to be loudly echoed by a large 
minority of the reading-public, the enemies got to- 
gether and decided that "something must be done." 

Something was done — something so infamous 
that, in Mrs. Royall's own words, which are none too 
strong, "all the waters of the Potomac can never 
wash out its baseness." In 1829, at the capital city 
of the nation whose birth she had witnessed, old Anne 
Royall was arrested, tried, and convicted on a trump- 
ed-up charge of being a common scold. 

As nearly as can be found out at this distance of 
time, the chief mover in the persecution of Mrs. 
Royall were two clergymen who also figured, not at 
all to their advantage, in the Mrs. Eaton, or Peggy 
O'Neil scandal which broke up Jackson's cabinet. 
Pretext for a concerted attack was found in the un- 
pleasant relations which existed between Mrs. Royall 
and a small Presbyterian congregation which wor- 
shiped, almost continuously, in an engine-house near 
her dwelling on Capitol Hill. Anne Royall is the 
only woman ever tried in the United States as a com- 
mon scold. The charge was obsolete, even in Europe, 
at the time of this trial. As far as possible, the story 



ANNE ROY ALL 135 

must be told in the accused's owti words. Her ac- 
count is remarkably true although dressed out in thor- 
oughly Royallesque language. The person whom she 
calls "Holy Willie" was a prominent leader in the 
engine-house congregation. Also, of course, he was 
an Anti-Mason. Mrs. Royall begins: 

"I arrived in Washington January 2, 1829. I 
had written to W. to say I would arrive on that day, 
and had sent money to purchase w^ood, and gave in- 
structions to have a fire in my parlor and everything 
in readiness, for the moment I arrived I must go to 
writing. Wliat was my astonishment to find my 
young woman absent. No fire, no wood, and, my time 
having nearly run out for the third Black Book, I 
went to writing without a fire. To my astonishment, 
not a neighbor could tell me what had become of my 
young woman. 

"Late one evening, about three weeks afterward, 
she came in with a thumping young missionary under 
her cloak — a fine boy, the very image of Holy Willie. 

" 'And whose is that?' 

" 'I don't know. Madam.' 

' * ' Why do you bring it to me ? ' 

" 'I don't bring it to you. I am taking it to my 
sister to nurse, and just called in to see you.' " 

Later, Mrs. Royall refers to this child as being 
under the care of the infant school connected with the 
church. She says, "The baby is now eight months 
old, well grown, and begins to say 'tracts' already." 

She goes on : 

"Meantime, it appears, a scheme had been laid 
among the godly on Capitol Hill to convert me, either 
with or without my consent. To this end, holy mobs 
of boys (black and white) would beset my house with 
showers of stones — yell, blow horns, call me holy 



136 ANNE KOYALL 

names. This was usually at night when the outpour- 
ing of divine goodness is most powerful. Meanwhile, 
as I still testified a stubborn spirit, Holy Willie, moved 
with compassion for my lost state, would often be seen 
under my window with his hands and eyes raised to 
heaven in silent prayer for the conversion of my soul. 
In this, however, I might be mistaken, as there was 
another lost sinner under my room. She had strayed 
from the path of rectitude and had two douce colored 
children; and whether the holy man's prayers were 
designed for her or for me I am unable to say." 

A mass-meeting of the Evangelicals of Capitol 
Hill was called which Mrs. Royall caricatures at con- 
siderable length : 

"A friend of mine who attended the meeting 
could only distinguish such broken sentences as 'cart- 
tail,' 'ducking-stool,' 'Sabbath school nuisance,' 'Lord 
Mansfield,' 'we'll tie her neck and heels,' 'glorious 
Gospel,' 'only let us get hold of her,' 'wish we could 
hang her,' 'drowning will do as well,' 'Judge Holt, 
page 226, "revealed religion,' 'statute of Henry VIII,' 
'refreshing revival.' " 

A formal complaint being made to the civil au- 
thorities, Mrs. Royall was called before the court of the 
District of Columbia. After examination, she was 
discharged on the ground that there was no law to 
punish her for the alleged offense. When this de- 
cision was announced a mighty howl went up from 
the prosecutors. Immense, though hidden, pressure 
was brought to bear upon all the District authorities. 
The result was such a scurrying around to find a law 
to convict as was never seen outside a comic opera. 
The formal report of Chief Justice Cranch to the Su- 
preme Court of the case of ' ' The United States versus 



ANNE ROYALL 137 

Anne Royall ' ' is almost as funny as Mrs. Roy all 's o"wn 
accoimt of this legal absurdity. The general under- 
standing of the obsolete English law was that no 
other punishment than ducking was legal for the of- 
fense of being a common scold. Judge Cranch balked 
at ducking Mrs. Royall. Therefore, the statutes were 
ransacked and numerous cases in England (mostly of 
the thirteenth century) were cited to prove that a fine 
or imprisonment might lawfully be substituted as a 
penalty for the alleged offense. The discussion ranged 
from the etymology of the word "duck" to the sanc- 
tion of Moses. The following is a specimen of the 
arguments solemnly used (and quoted in Judge 
Cranch 's report) by learned jurists of a United States 
court regarding the case of an old woman who had, 
very likely, used her tongue intemperately when boys 
threw stones at her windows: 

"The passage cited from 3 Inst., 219, seems rather 
to justify a contrary conclusion. Lord Coke is speak- 
ing of the different means of punishment; and after 
describing the pillory and the tumbrel, he says, ^Tre- 
hucket or castigatory, named in the statute of 51 H. 
3, signifieth a stool that falleth doMTi into a pit of 
water, for the punishment of the party in it; and 
chuck, or guck, in the Saxon tongue, signifieth to 
brawl (taken from mickhaw or guckhaw, a bird, qui 
odiose jurgat et rixatur) and ing, in that language 
water ; because she was for her punishment soused in 
water; others fetch it from cuckqueani pellix.' " 

A discussion of great length followed this lu- 
minous citation. A model' of a ducking-stool was made 
at the navy yard by the Court's order and exhibited 
before their Honors. More researches into English 



138 ANNE ROYALL 

history and old English law followed. The upshot 
was, that, finally, a law was patched up under which 
Anne Royall, author of the Black Books, might be 
brought to trial. As her lawyer, Mr. Cox, told her, 
"Madam, yesterday there was no law to punish you. 
Today, it seems, one has been found." Mrs. Royall 
says: 

"At length the trial came on. There were three 
counts in the indictment: 1. A public nuisance. 
2. A common brawler. 3. A common scold. The 
first two charges were dismissed. The third was sus- 
tained, and I made my courtesy before their Honors, 
Judges Cranch, Thruston and the sweet Morsel. Judge 
C. was formerly described as resembling Judge Mar- 
shall. This is incorrect owing to my having seen him 
but once before, in the dusk of the evening. He is 
yoimger than the Chief Justice ; has a longer face with 
a good deal of the pumpkin in it (though my friend 
says the pumpkin is his head) ; but let this be as it 
may; I was always partial to Judge Cranch because 
he was a Yankee and a near relative of my friend, Ex- 
President Adams, whom I shall always remember with 
gratitude. ' ' 

At this point in her narrative, Mrs. Royall breaks 
off to defend both Mr. Adams and Greneral Jackson, 
saying that "Pope Ely" was responsible for much 
of the campaign lying. She resumes : 

"Judge Thruston is about the same age as Judge 
Cranch but harder featured. He is laughing-proof. 
He looks as if he had sat upon the rack all his life 
and lived on crab-apples. They are both about fifty 
years of age. The sweet Morsel, who seems to sit for 
his portrait, is the same age. His face is round and 
wrinkled, and resembles the road on Grandott after 
the passage of a troop of hogs. They all have a 



ANNE ROYALL 139 

worn look and never were three judges better matched 
in faces. This was the Court, called the Long Parlia- 
ment, before which I was to be tried, I did not know 
for what." 

Mrs. Royall next pays her respects to the bar of 
Washington, including, on this occasion as a silent 
member, Francis Scott Key, author of The Star- 
Spangled Banner. 

The courthouse was packed to the doors, for this 
rejuvenescence of European mediaevalism — the trial 
of a common scold — awakened lively interest all over 
the United States. Fifteen witnesses were summoned 
by the prosecution, twelve of whom came. The chief 
witness against Mrs. Royall was an employee of the 
government, a prominent member of the engine-house 
congregation. Mr. Waterston, Librarian of Congress, 
and Mr. Tims, door-keeper of the Senate, were among 
the witnesses. The three judges sat in as dignified 
state as though a case of high treason demanded their 
attention. Mrs. Royall writes : " I shall make a prop- 
osition to my friends in Congress to have the whole 
scene painted and put in the rotunda of the capitol 
with our national paintings, reserving a conspicuous 
place for myself. Hear, O Israel, the testimony of a 

. He began to place his feet as though he 

had set in for a four hours sermon. It was quite an 
outpouring of christian love." 

Her chief accuser's testimony, condensed, was 
that Mrs. Royall had talked abusively to members of 
the engine-house congregation. He said that she swore 
at him — a charge she indignantly denied. A mem- 
ber of his family followed with similar testimony. 



140 ANNE ROY ALL 

Mrs. Royall gives a few graphic pen-pictures of 
other witnesses: 

"Mr. — , of the Senate, came next. He looked 
like Satan's walking stick. Mr. S. is a good-natured 
simpleton. His very countenance is a talisman to 
mirth. He said he hated to tell the worst thing I ever 
said. But the Judge said, 'We must have it, sir. It 
is important that we get at the whole truth. ' Mr. S. 
answered, 'I was out walking with some ladies one 
Sunday afternoon and Mrs. Royall asked me if I was 
not ashamed to be seen walking with them old maids. ' 
" 'Well, perhaps they were old maids.' 
" 'No, they wasn't for one of them was my 
sister.' " 

The bar of Washington at that date, like the 
friends of the versatile Mr. Jingle in Piclnvick, must 
have been "easily amused," for this colloquy set the 
court-room in a roar. The Librarian of Congress 
"seemed uneasy on the stand." No wonder. Mr. 
Waterston was not a fool, and he probably hated to 
appear like one. The old woman against whom he 
was testifying had more than once done him a good 
turn. Mrs. Royall says : 

' ' My friend Waterston followed. He is a learned 
man in Israel. He paid me many compliments, alike 
honorable to himself and to me. He said I called all 
Presbyterians cut-throats. I suppose he learned his 
speech out of the Simday School Union books. ' ' 

Many admirers of the Bard of Avon have regret- 
ted the weak expression on the face of the Stratford 
image but it remained for Anne Royall to work that 
fatuous look into an effective simile: 

"Mr. F. is another walking-stick. His hair is 
macaroni, his arms five feet extended, his face pale, 



ANNE ROYALL 141 

his nose hooked, with a gray goggle eye and Shake- 
speare's smile." 

Mrs. Royall says of her own side : 

"I had but few witnesses, knowing how it would 
all end — Secretary Eaton and a few ladies. Their 
testimony was clear and unequivocal, and directly op- 
posed to that of the prosecution. Mr. Tims was true 
gold. He said he never knew me to slander but two 
people and that was when I said that he and Mr. Wat- 
erston were the two cleverest and handsomest men in 
all Washington. This, you may say, put an end to 
the business for that day, as the whole were convulsed 
with laughter, except Judge T. In fact, the whole of 
the examination kept the house in a roar. Such an- 
other judicial farce was never played before a judicial 
tribunal. ' ' 

Mrs. Royall made a short but spirited address to 
the jury — "all Bladensburg men. ' ' 

"Wholly against the evidence, the jury brought in 
a verdict of ' ' guilty. ' ' Mrs. Royall was sentenced to 
a fine of ten dollars and required to keep the peace 
for one year. Security to the amoimt of fifty dollars 
was demanded. Mrs. Royall summarizes the effect of 
the trial upon the judges and prosecuting witnesses: 

"This verdict was pumpkin-pie to Judge Cranch, 
The sweet Morsel licked out his tongue. Judge Thrus- 
ton looked as fiery as Mount Etna, so displeased was 
he with the result. The sound Presbyterians gave 
thanks, and I requested the Marshall, the next time 
I was tried, to summon twelve tom-cats instead of 
Bladensburg men. ' ' 

Although Mrs. Royall showed herself game to the 
md of the farce, she was really much shaken by the 
:rial. The ordeal was a great strain for a woman of 



142 ANNE ROYALL 

her years. She was never quite strong again. The 
ignominy seared deep. Her enemies had won. Hence- 
forth, Anne Royall would go branded. Even a mod- 
ern book dealing with past Congresses, says of her: 
''She relied mainly upo' "■•er ability to blacken private 
character." That assei. on is absolutely false. Any 
close and fair reader of Anne Royall 's writings must 
admit that her attacks, though often bitter, were in- 
variably made upon persons whom she believed to be 
scheming for the overthrow of the government, or of 
Masonry, and upon no others. Anne Royall published 
no petty gossip relating to the private lives of her 
enemies. Her conduct in regard to the Mrs. Eaton 
scandal stands out in sharp contrast to that of many 
other journalists of her day, and of ours. Probably 
Secretary Eaton gratefully remembered Mrs. Royall's 
reticence when he testified warmly in her behalf at 
the trial. 

The story of pretty Peggy O'Neil, the tavern- 
keeper's daughter, who, as the widow of Timberlake, 
married John H. Eaton, senator from Tennessee, and 
later Secretary of War, has often been told. In view 
of Mrs. Royall's long and close friendship with the 
Batons, however, a brief review of this famous society 
quarrel may not be out of place here. 

The wives and daughters of Secretary Eaton's 
fellow-cabinet members refused to receive, or to asso- 
ciate in any way with, Mrs. Eaton. Vile charges 
against her character were made by a Washington 
clergyman to Dr. Ely, a celebrated Doctor of Divinity 
in Philadelphia who, in turn, reported them in writing 
to the President of the United States. President Jack- 



ANNE ROY ALL 143 

son caused a searching investigation to be made. The 
evidence presented to sustain the charges was of so 
flimsy a character that the President became wholly- 
convinced of their falsity. With all the ardor of his 
nature, Andrew Jackson thi , himself into this social 
quarrel. He invited Mrs. Eaton to receive with him 
at the White House. He gave dinners in her honor. 
He threatened to expel a foreign minister whose wife 
snubbed the tavern keeper's daughter. He held con- 
ferences without number. He sent away his nephew 's 
wife because she sided with the recalcitrant cabinet 
ladies against Mrs. Eaton. He took Mr. Van Buren to 
his heart for life when that diplomatic gentleman — 
luckily unhampered by matrimonial ties — called on 
Mrs. Eaton and, later, gave a dinner in her honor. 
Parton, in his excellent life of Andrew Jackson, gives 
an amusing catalogue of seventeen long documents re- 
lating to ]\Irs. Eaton which have been preserved. 
These papers show the intensity of Jackson's will in 
the matter. 

But the hero of New Orleans had at last run up 
against something that he was powerless to conquer — 
the prejudice of good women against a sister-woman. 
In the end, his cabinet was dissolved. The immediate 
cause of the disruption of the cabinet was a political 
plan, but the event which rendered the break possible 
was the refusal of the other cabinet ladies to rec- 
ognize Mrs. Eaton socially. 

Now if Mrs. Royall had been a sensational jour- 
nalist this unsavory scandal would have been to her 
— as it was to others — literally, a golden opportunity. 
She took not the slightest advantage of it. She had 



144 ANNE ROYALL 

known Secretary Eaton for many years. She knew 
the 'Neils well, also. She believed fully in Mrs. 
Eaton's innocence. But, had she been equally con- 
vinced of her guilt, Anne Royall's conduct would have 
been the same. She always stood loyally by her own 
sex. 

Mrs. Royall's trial ended late Saturday evening. 
"The next day," she writes, "on the blessed Sabbath, 
these wretches circulated a report through the city 
that I was in prison. This report was carefully for- 
warded to Secretary Eaton 's. From the testimony he 
gave in court, he was suspected of being one of my 
'secret friends.' General Eaton, not knowing them as 
well as he does now, immediately signed a bond, to- 
gether with the Postmaster-General and others who 
w^ere at his house, and sent a messenger off with it 
to the Marshall to release me. ' ' i 

But Mrs. Royall did not need the bond of the J 
Secretary of War and the Postmaster-General. As 
usual, young men sprang to her rescue. When, a little 
shakily, she stepped from the dock, she was met by 
two reporters of the Intelligencer — Thomas Dowling 
and a Mr. Donahue — who were waiting to furnish 
her security. 1 

Of another young man's friendship on this hard- 
est day of her hard life, Mrs. Royall says : 

"But of all human beings. Master Wallack was 
most attentive. This amiable youth hung over my 
chair the whole time with the affection of a son. With 
his head bent close to my ear, he would whisper, ' What 
can I do for you, Mrs. Royall? Tell me if you want 
anything and I will get it for you.' " 



ANNE ROYALL 145 

There are many more imposing scenes in the his- 
tory of Washington city, which one would rather miss 
than this of young Mr. Wallack's filial devotion to a 
hunted old woman. 



CHAPTER IX 
Mrs. Roy all as a Journalist 

Mrs. Royall's southern tour, in 1830, ended with 
somewhat disastrous results, physically and finaneially. 
The account of her trial had preceded her. She found 
the South, then a stronghold of Evangelicalism, solidly 
arrayed against her. Several towns refused to admit 
her within their limits. She was mobbed by certain 
students of the University of Virginia because she had 
opposed successfully a legislative appropriation for 
that institution. Other students from the same uni- 
versity, however, made apology to her for the assault 
and invited her to visit, as their guest, the old home of 
Jefferson at Monticello. Mrs. Roy all accepted the in-- 
vitation and enjoyed a day at the sacred spot, which 
brought back to her memories of her husband and his 
devotion to the great Republican. She also visited 
many of the Indian reservations in the South but 
was insulted, in one or two, by United States 
soldiers who were not reproved for such action by 
their superior officers. One of these officers wasi 
Colonel Thomas Benton, later a leader in the great i 
Bank fight. ^ 

Mrs. Roy all returned from this strenuous touri 
considerably worn out. She was sixty-three years old. 
She writes : ' ' Gladly would I have retired to a quiet; 
little hut in the country and devoted the remainder- 



I 



ANNE ROYALL 147 

of my days to the peaceful pursuits of agriculture." 
But money was lacking. The pen could not be ex- 
changed for the hoe. So the gritty old lady deter- 
mined to shift the burden of self-support a little by 
editing a newspaper at Washington. She bought a 
second-hand, ramshackle old Ramage printing-press, 
made room for the same by taking the sink out of the 
kitchen of her rented home in the old "Bank" house 
behind the Capitol, hired a printer, took two small boys 
from the Catholic orphan asylum to help about the 
press, adopted the editorial "We" and with a full set 
of principles on hand began her journalistic career. 

The first copy of Paul Fry (now one of the rarest 
finds of the American bibliophile) was issued Decem- 
ber 3, 1831: 

"PAUL PRY 

"Published every Saturday by Anne Royall. 
Terms Two dollars and fifty cents per annum, one 
dollar to be paid in advance and the balance at the 
end of six months. Subscribers may discontinue their 
papers when they think proper, by giving notice to the 
publisher. 

* ' All letters must be sent to the publisher through 
the medium of the Post-Office (post paid)." 

The Paul Pry is a four-page paper. Selected ma- 
terial and advertisements cover the two outside pages. 
The two inside pages are devoted to editorials, political 
and local news, all deeply colored by Mrs. Royall 's 
antagonistic attitude toward Anti-Masonry and Evan- 
gelicalism. In her prospectus the editor says : 

"Our course will be a straightforward one as 
heretofore. The same firmness which has ever main- 
tained our pen will be continued. To this end, let it 



148 ANNE ROYALL 

be understood that we are of no party. We will 
neither oppose nor advocate any man for the Presi- 
dency. The welfare and happiness of our country is 
our politics. To promote this we shall oppose and ^ 
expose all and every species of political evil, and re- 
ligious frauds without fear, favor or affection. We 
shall patronize merit of whatever coimtry, sect or 
politics. We shall advocate the liberty of the Press, 
the liberty of Speech, and the liberty of Conscience. 
The enemies of these bulwarks of our common safety, 
as they have shown none, shall receive no mercy at our 
hands. ' ' 

If Mrs. Royall had stopped at this point her pros- 
pectus would have been dignified and proper. Un- 
fortunately, she did not stop here. Continuing, she ] 
runs into silliness: 

"As for those cannibals, the Anti-Masons, the 
co-temporaries of negro insurgents, we shall meet them 
upon their own ground, that of extermination. For 
the rest, let all pious Grenerals, Colonels and Com- 
manders of our army and navy who make war upon 
old women beware. Let all pious Postmasters who 
cheat the Government by franking pious tracts be- 
ware. Let all pious booksellers who take pious bribes 
beware. Let all pious young ladies who hawk pious 
tracts into young gentlemen's rooms beware, and let 
all old bachelors and old maids be married as soon as 
possible." 

Mrs. Royall did not coin the phrase "race-sui- ] 
cide," but she was, probably, the first American to 
preach against that evil in print. Certainly, she was 
the first woman to do so. In Anne Roy all's time there 
were men enough in the United States to go around. 
"Old Maid," therefore, with her is always a term 
of opprobrium. No militarist chieftain ever more | 



ANNE ROYALL 149 

firmly believed in the duty of raising up men and 
women for state protection and preservation than 
Anne Royall. She preached the duty and blessedness 
of marriage and of family production, in season and 
out of season. 

Mrs. Royall worked up her subscription list almost 
wholly by personal solicitation. She was tolerably 
successful from the start, especially among Congress- 
men, heads of departments, and government clerks in 
Washington. By January, 1832, we find that she had 
agents in almost every city and large town in the 
United States, that is, one or two men in each place 
were authorized to receive subscriptions and to keep 
copies of the paper for sale. Subscriptions, however, 
were not always paid promptly. At times the editor 
of Paul Pry was obliged to resort to the drastic meas- 
ure of publishing a "Black List" of delinquent 
subscribers with the amount due opposite each name. 
At other times, she issued appeals like the following: 
"Will all who can pay, who ought to pay, who ever 
intend to pay, please send in the needful at once?" 
or, sometimes, a notice like this appeared: 

"INFORIVIATION WANTED 

"If any one can inform us where a Mr. T. Bell, 
late of Sparta, Georgia, at present resides, he will con- 
fer a favor on the editress of this paper. Mr. B. 
went off in our Debt and is said to be somewhere in 
the Creek (now Alabama) Nation." 

Anne Royall had a genius for choosing unfitting 
titles. Very few of her Alabama Letters were 
written from that state. The misleading name of her 
first newspaper, Paul Pry, harmed Mrs. Royall enor- 



150 ANNE EOYALL 

mously, both in the eyes of her contemporaries and 
of posterity. The name Paul Pry suggests personal 
gossip of totally different, and less clean nature than 
the free and honest, though very often tactless and ill- 
judged, criticism which Mrs. Royall poured out weekly 
in her little paper. The unfortunate name harmed 
her in another way. Several vile sheets of a later 
date — ^ notably, the Viper's Sting and Paul Pry of 
Baltimore, 1849 — adopted the name. A careless, and 
more or less prejudiced, public easily confused the 
famous Mrs. Royall with these slanderous and vulgar 
publications. Even at the risk of wearying repetition, 
it must in justice to her be insisted upon that Mrs. 
Royall 's bitter invective was never of a low character 
although, often, it was very decidedly out of taste. She 
dealt not in. innuendo. She fought only men whom 
she honestly believed to be trying to overthrow the 
government of the United States. The following re- 
fusal to insert personal scandal is typical of Mrs. 
Royall 's editorial attitude through her long journal- 
istic career: 

"We have received a shocking story of abuse 
toward an unprotected female by a prominent man 
who is a Presbyterian. But we must refuse to print 
it for several reasons: It came in too late. It is too 
personal. It bore no signature. It is against a pri- 
vate man. Public men are fair game." 

' ' Pro bono publico ' ' is older than the wandering 
Jew. He was abroad in the United States during 
Anne Royall 's time. Even little Paid Pry was almost 
swamped by letters from correspondents. Mrs. Royall 



i 



ANNE ROYALL 151 

is forever apologizing for not printing these unso- 
licited effusions: 

"It gives us infinite pain that we are unable to 
find room for half, nay, one tenth of the valuable fa- 
vors received from our friends. We pray them to 
reflect that our small paper, to be useful, must be 
devoted to the general affairs of the country. We 
can print but few of the communications received. ' ' 

Soon after Mrs. Royall embarked on her journal- 
istic career, Mrs. Sarah Stack, a widowed daughter of 
the Dorrets, came to live with her. Except for short 
intervals, Mrs. Stack remained with Mrs. Royall from 
1831 until the latter 's death in 1854. Mrs. Stack, 
or "Sally," as she was generally known, acted as 
secretary, carrier, and companion to Mrs. Royall, The 
two women were deeply attached to each other and 
the length and harmony of their friendship speaks 
well for both. Mrs. Royall says of ' * Sally ' ' : 

"Her fidelity, industry, and dispatch of business 
have never been surpassed. She is one of a thou- 
sand. Undaunted, yet modest and humble, fleet as a 
fawn, one moment you lose sight of her in Third 
street and the next she will reappear from Twelfth 
or Thirteenth. Again, she is off like a bird. She will 
face the fiercest storms whether of snow, wind or 
rain. Often have we been pained to see her come in 
with a cheerful laugh, though wet to the skin, and all 
this without fee or reward. ' ' 

Sarah Stack was a noble woman. She brought 
up to industry and honor five orphan children, paying 
their expenses by the labor of her own hands. To 
Mrs. Royall she was both sister and daughter to the 
end of the latter 's life. Whenever Mrs. Royall was 



152 ANNE ROYALL 

ill Sally took charge of the paper. At such times the 
change from Mrs. Royall's sharp wit and combative 
language to Mrs. Stack's sincere, though common- 
place, morality, must have been a little mystifying to 
the habitual readers of Paul Pry or The Huntress. 
Here is one of Mrs. Stack's selections which is typical 
of her taste as well as of her christian character : 

*'If you have an enemy act kindly to him and 
make him your friend. You may not win him over at 
once, but try again. Let one kindness be followed by 
another until you have accomplished your end. By 
little and little great things are completed and even 
so repeated kindness will soften the heart of stone." 

Upon her mother 's side, Mrs. Stack was descended 
from the celebrated Chase family of Maryland. 

Mrs. Stack, it is said, was tall, thin, and angular. 
She was frequently mistaken for her employer by 
persons unacquainted with the author of the Black 
Books. Mrs. Royall was the exact opposite of Sally in 
appearance, being short, almost dumpy. Both were 
exceedingly quick in their movements. Mrs. Royall's 
very blue eyes, it is said, never lost their brightness. 
Her teeth, too, were generally remarked, being white 
and hard even in extreme old age. She laughed much 
all her life. 

During her long term of editorship Mrs. Royall 
lived in several different places on Capitol Hill. In 
1833, she announces in Paul Pry. "Mrs. Royall has 
removed from the Bank house, to a short distance east 
of the Capitol in B, between First and Second, two 
doors from the corner of B and Second street in a 
new two-story brick." In 1838 she moved to "North 



i 



ANNE ROYALL 153 

B and Third streets — 150 yards from the Vice-Pres- 
ident." 

Mrs. Royall gives Van Buren's running mate, 
Richard M. Johnson, a good character. She declares : 
"A better, pleasanter neighbor I never had." One 
day the Vice-President helped her to catch a hen. 
At that time, it will be remembered, fashionable 
Washington lived east instead of west of the Capitol. 
After a good many migrations, in a sort of circle 
aroimd the Capitol, Mrs. Royall, in her extreme old 
age, moved back to her favorite dwelling (the one in 
which she died) on B street near Second — a spot 
now included in the north-eastern corner of the 
grounds of the Library of Congress. It was a pleas- 
ant spot shaded by trees. There was a well of ex- 
cellent water in the yard and connected with the 
house was a good-sized shed in which, she says, "I 
kept my pet hens." The hens gave her a good deal 
of trouble, but they also brought her consider- 
able pleasure in their suggestion of that country- 
life she so well loved. Toward the last, it would 
seem, her printing was done in another house not far 
from her dwelling-place under the direction of a 
printer named John Simmes. The picture of the 
environs of Washington given in Paul Pry is not al- 
luring : 

"That the location of Washington is unhealthy 
cannot be denied, the principal part of the city, Penn- 
sylvania avenue, being built in a marsh which a com- 
mon shower overflows, and from want of sewers and 
proper attention, or rather no attention at all, it is 
overspread with standing puddles of water from year 's 
end to year's end. From neglect of the corporation, 



154 ANNE ROYALL 

these puddles, as well as the gutters, are choked up 
with filth, which being acted upon by the heat of the 
sun becomes green and putrid. This is not all. The 
whole of the flat land between the settled part of 
the city and the Potomac, much of which is marsh, 
is also overspread with stagnant pools of fetid water. 
In consequence of a greater fall of rain this spring 
than common, the tide of the Tiber, flowing into these 
ditches, or as they are called, canals, and brick-holes, 
we have a better prospect than was, perhaps, ever 
known in the city for bilious attacks. Over and above, 
there is a great, oblong, deep hole from which the 
earth has been scooped out in years past intended for, 
and called, a canal, but which has been the receptacle 
for dead dogs, cats, puppies and, we grieve to add, 
of infants. This also contains green, stinking water 
which has accumulated for years, and doubtless has 
been the cause of annual bilious fever since this death- 
ditch, called a canal, was dug." 

In the columns of both her papers Mrs. Royall 
fought for a cleaner Washington as constantly, stren- 
uously, and warningly as if she had known about 
germs and the deadly peril of the mosquito. She 
also advised people to keep fires in their sleeping- 
rooms at least a portion of every day the year around. 
"Our Congressmen," she says, "are too valuable to 
be killed off as rapidly as they are by the unsanitary 
conditions here at the capital city." M 

The Paul Pry was a hopelessly amateur little 
sheet. It was also, undeniably, censorious and such 
a journal becomes, after a little, as tiresome as a 
scolding person. Nevertheless, scolding in print has 
done much good in the world. In fact, modern jour- 
nalism, beginning with the satirical political pam- 
phlet, took its rise in scolding, Anne Royall 's news- 



ANNE ROYALL 155 

papers should not be judged by the enlightened stand- 
ards of the best modern journalism, but by comparison 
with other minor sheets of her own day. In the 
United States of that time, the average newspaper 
was little more than a bitterly partisan pamphlet. 
In manners Paul Pry is but a rather poor imitation 
of its abler compeers. Not until the Atlantic cable 
spelled the word WORLD, ^vrit large, did American 
journalism cease to be ungracefully and aggressively 
provincial. 

Mrs. Royall has often been referred to as the 
first w^oman-editor in the United States. She was 
not. Half a dozen other women preceded her. None 
of the others, however, remained in the newspaper 
business long. Only one other, Frances Wright, a 
young English woman residing in America, as boldly 
defied current theology and public opinion. IMiss 
Wright foresaw an ideal Republic. Mrs. Royall be- 
lieved that the present Republic might be perfect if 
a few schemers could be made to keep their hands off. 
It was never the future ideal — it was always the 
now and here which claimed Anne Royall's energetic 
attention. 

During the long period in which Mrs. Royall 
edited a paper, the United States was dominated by 
a single personality — ANDREW JACKSON. In 
vain did academicians and able statesmen point out 
Jackson 's faults — his narrowness, his violent temper, 
his prejudice, and lack of education. In vain they 
dwelt upon and blazoned forth his thousand mistakes, 
his aggressiveness, and his high-handed assumption 
of legislative and executive powers never granted, and 



\ 



156 ANNE ROY ALL 

never meant to be granted, by the Constitution to any 
President. The masses heeded not such cavil, for the 
people — the great American people — admired and 
idolized Andrew Jackson as they had never before, 
and have not since, until the present day, admired and 
idolized any other President. 

Perhaps the reason for this widespread idolatry 
(north, east, south and west it extended) lies in the 
fact that Andrew Jackson almost perfectly represented 
the majority of Americans of his day. They rejoiced 
in courage. Andrew Jackson's name was a synonym 
for personal bravery. They respected honesty. An- 
drew Jackson was grandly honest. They worked for 
their bread. Andrew Jackson felt himself above no 
man; his hand was outstretched in cordial, heartfelt 
greeting to every son and daughter of toil. Ameri- 
cans, in spite of their Puritan traditions, held a lurk- 
ing belief in luck. Andrew Jackson's "star" never 
deserted him. Two successful wars had left Amer- 
icans quite convinced that, with Andrew Jack- 
son's help, they could whip the universe. He 
held the same opinion. The people hated Eng- 
land — their hereditary foe. So did Andrew Jack- 
son. Early Americans were impatient of red-tape. 
Setting aside diplomatic traditions, Jackson took the 
people into his confidence at every critical turn of 
national affairs — and the people responded as only 
an Anglo-Saxon people can respond to such high con- 
fidence. The people hated and feared the fast-en- 
croaching monopoly of the United States Bank. Jack- 
son freed them from it. That paragraph — potential- 
ly the most important paragraph ever penned by any 



ANNE ROY ALL 157 

President of the United States — advocating a square 
deal for every citizen, rich or poor, worked widely 
and powerfully. Upon that famous paragraph Anne 
Royall, along with a host of abler journalists, built 
her editorial creed. Said Jackson: 

"Distinctions in Society will always exist under 
every just Government. Equality of talents, of edu- 
cation or of wealth cannot be produced by human 
institutions. In the full enjoyment of the gifts of 
heaven and the fruits of superior industry, economy 
and virtue, every man is equally entitled to protection 
by law. But when the laws undertake to add to these 
natural and just advantages artificial distinctions, to 
grant titles, gratuities and exclusive privileges, to 
make the rich richer and the potent more powerful, 
the humble members of society, the farmers, mechanics 
and laborers who have neither the time nor the means 
of securing like favors to themselves, have a right to 
complain of the injustice of their Government. Its 
evils exist only in its abuses. If it would confine 
itself to equal protection and, as heaven does its rains, 
shower its favors alike on the high and the low, the 
rich and the poor, it would be an unqualified blessing. ' ' 

In Andrew Jackson's time the popular heart 
throbbed with the consciousness of achievement. The 
people knew, not from tradition, but by ties of kindred 
and by personal experience, what the upbuilding of 
the Republic had cost in blood and tears and treasure. 
A proud sense of ownership was dominant in the pub- 
lic mind. Every citizen, to the remotest corner of 
the remotest village, felt that he had a word to say 
about the government of his country. That spirit 
was fine, as eternally fine as the most beautiful thing 
America has to show today — the statue of Liberty 



158 ANNE ROYALL 

holding aloft her torch at the entrance of New York 
harbor. Nevertheless, the earlier manifestations of 
the spirit of American patriotism were often unpleas- 
ing, even intensely disagreeable. M. Tocqueville re- 
marks with considerable truth: 

"For the last fifty years no pains have been 
spared to convince the United States that they consti- 
tute the only enlightened, religious, and free people. 
They perceive that, for the present, their democratic 
institutions succeed while those of other countries fail ; 
hence they conceive an overweening opinion of their 
superiority, and they are not very remote from be- 
lieving themselves to belong to a distinct race of man- 
kmd." 

This national self-satisfaction which M. Tocque- 
ville satirizes showed itself in nearly every American 
newspaper of Anne Royall's time. For that matter, 
no fowl in all the journalistic barn-yard crowed more 
loudly and lustily than little Paul Pry. Nevertheless, 
Mrs. Royall always retained the French sentiments 
she had imbibed from her husband's mind. The 
word "Humanity" meant much more to her than it 
meant to most American writers of her day. 

Paul Pry was generally counted a Jackson paper 
owing to the fact that Mrs. Royall ardently supported 
many of Jackson's acts. In some measures, though, 
she vehemently opposed him. His Indian policy she 
abhorred. The truth is, Paul Pry was, emphatically, 
what it professed to be, an "independent newspaper" 
— the most unvaryingly independent newspaper, with- 
out doubt, ever published in the United States. It 
may be more than suspected that, after all, Mrs. 
Royall's main reason for starting a newspaper was to 



ANNE ROYALL 159 

flaunt her independence in the faces of her late ac- 
cusers, the Evangelicals. Mrs. Royall was determined 
to speak her mind and, having a very good mind en- 
tirely made up on most questions, she did speak it 
during the remainder of her long life through the 
columns of her newspapers. 

At the time Anne Royall launched her powder- 
laden little cockle-shells upon the rough sea of Amer- 
ican journalism big political craft were anchored at 
"Washington. General Duff Green, editor of the 

^United States Telegraph, was printer to Congress. 
When the breach between President Jackson and Vice- 
President Calhoun became wide Green sided with Cal- 
houn. Through the influence of Amos Kendall, a new 
paper was started as the direct organ of the admin- 
istration, the Globe, under the superb leadership of 
Francis P. Blair, assisted by Amos Kendall and the 
able John C. Rives. The latter was Blair's business 
partner. The Globe became the most powerfully 
trenchant party-organ this country has ever produced. 
There was another great paper in Washington at this 
time, The National Intelligencer, under the manage- 
ment of Joseph Gales and William Seaton. Through- 
out many years the editors of the Intelligencer showed 
Mrs. Royall much personal kindness. The one great 
blot on Paul Pry is its editor's unsuccessful attempt 
to be witty at the expense of Mr. Gales to whom (in 
silly imitation of a vulgar journalistic custom of the 
day) she constantly referred as " Josy" or "Jo — ee." 

, Mrs. Royall 's conscience was deservedly troubled over 
this piece of impertinence to a good man who had 

, many times befriended her. She took much pains to 



160 ANNE ROYALL 

explain, later, that she was not fighting Mr. Gales, 
personally, but, mstead, the pro-Bank policy of his 
paper. She says : "I should be a traitor to my coun- 
try if I let my gratitude for personal favors keep 
me from attacking the editor of the Intelligencer as 
the author of sentiments which spell R-U-I-N for this 
nation. ' ' 

Toward these big papers, Paul Pry acted, much 
of the time, as a persistent little gad-fly. The facts 
that Paul Pry was a small sheet and its editor a wom- 
an, one, too, generally discredited in evangelical cir- 
cles, kept the larger papers from openly noticing the 
little journal's stings. Once the Intelligencer sar- 
castically congratulated Mr. Blair on having gained 
Mrs. Royall as an ally in his fight against the Bank. 
The great editor of the Glohe took all Mrs. Royall's 
sharp-pointed shafts good-naturedly — much more 
good-naturedly, it must be confessed, than Amos Ken- 
dall took them. Through the kind courtesy of Francis 
P. Blair's grandson, Montgomery Blair, Esq., of 
"Washington, D. C, I am permitted to quote part of 
a letter which tells, interestingly, how old Mrs. Royall 
took dinner with the bluff, kind-hearted President of 
the United States. The chances are ten to one, too, 
that Andrew Jackson enjoyed her company. This let- 
ter also gives a capital picture of Washington social 
life imder Jackson 's hospitable administration. From 
his boarding house, Mr. Blair writes : 

"My folks get on here pretty well considering 
that we have got into a horrid boarding-house. The 
people are good enough but shockingly dirty, and live 
so miserably that we are half starved. I have prac- 
ticed all the skill I learned from you on the road. I 



ANNE ROY ALL 161 

bless the Irish potato with his russet coat. The crack- 
er that defies pollution, being made of such impene- 
trable stuff, is my bread. Rice, which shows like 
snow the various spots that have been soiled and en- 
ables me to avoid them, is my main living. I am 
obliged to stand this dieting until Congress is over, 
when I shall remove to Brown's tavern. I believe I 
have passed through all the fashionable scenes this 
winter 'as a looker on in Vienna.' I have come to 
the settled belief that there was never at any time, or 
in any country, such miserable parade labored through 
under the pretence of seeking pleasure. It is all 
heartless ostentation ; or, as Solomon would say. Van- 
ity and Vexation. 

"The most hospitable host (the President) com- 
monly invites the whole city, and those who can't get 
in go away, and as fast as the company gets sick 
of being wedged in a phalanx, and enabled to extri- 
cate themselves and retreat, the house is thinned so 
that a servant is able to pass through the rabble with 
a waiter of trumpery over his head. This refresh- 
ment is something like that of Tantalus. It is the 
tyranny of Caligula who sets his laws so high that 
nobody could reach them. So fashion puts its good 
things out of reach. At these parties they sometimes 
try to dance, but it puts me in mind of a Kentucky 
fight, when the crowd draws the circle so close that 
the contestants have no room to use their limbs. They 
have, however, four and twenty fiddlers all in a row, 
trying by dint of loud music to put amateurs in 
motion. They jump up and down in a hole, and no- 
body sees more of them than their heads. Oh, how 
unlike the free space we have in Kentucky and the 
life of Crockett's music! Let me dance with my big- 
footed Bensonians under a Fourth of July arbour. 
.... I have formed, I think, a pretty just opinion 
of the head men in our administration. It is a great 



162 ANNE ROYALL 

mistake to think that Old Hickory is in leading-strings, 
as the coalition say. 

"I can tell you that he is as much superior here 
as he was with our Generals during the war. He is 
a man of admirable judgment. I have seen proof of 
it in the direction he has given to affairs this winter, 
in which I know he differed from his advisers; and 
there are other measures which he adopted, against 
the opinions of those who are supposed to have con- 
trol, that have already proved the superiority of his 
judgment. He is fighting a great political battle, and 
you will find he will vanquish those v/ho contend with 
him now as he has always done his public or private 
enemies. I like him much better than any other per- 
son with whom I have become connected by my trans- 
lation here. He is very much like old Scott. Benev- 
olent and kind to a fault to those he loves; frank, 
affectionate and full of hospitable feeling. In this 
last, he goes beyond our old Kentucky General. 

"Old Mrs. Royall called in the other day with 
one of her books to present it to him. Wlien she 
opened the budget he saw a partridge in the feathers 
she had bought for her dinner. He invited her in 
and the poor old crazy woman made a hearty meal 
with him. When he told me the story I observed 
carelessly that I was as hungry as Mrs. Royall, having 
been busy in one of the public offices at dinner time. 
Upon this, he had a very good dinner prepared for 
me, against all my protestations, saying he had made 
it a rule all his life that nobody should ever go out 
of his house hungry, and I was obliged to comply 
with this rule. 

"When he talks about his enemies he puts me in 
mind also of old Scott when he spoke of Humphrey 
Marshall, but I have remarked that he does not level 
his indignation at Clay, but at those who take sneaking 
advantages. 



ANNE ROYALL 163 

"You may rely upon it he is as good a patriot 
as ever breathed and as much a democrat as your 
humble servant. Gratz would call him a Jacobin." 

The tone of compassionate tolerance toward ''poor 
old Mrs. Royall" used by Mr. Blair is characteristic 
of all the editors of secular papers of the time. Mr. 
Blair had not been in Washington long. He had 
heard of Mrs. Roy all's trial as a common scold. He 
had seen her bobbing around in the Capitol, wearing 
her funny mob-cap. He had probably witnessed a 
word-encounter between her and some "missionary," 
and the natural inference he drew was that the old 
lady was "cracked." As a matter of fact, though, 
Anne Royall's mind remained keen as a razor to the 
day of her death — twenty -two years after the White 
House incident so sympathetically described by the 
famous editor of the Glohe. 

Mrs. Royall describes Francis P. Blair pretty 
well: 

"THE GLOBE. It has been seen that a new 
paper of this name has recently been established in 
the city of Washington, and from what I have seen 
of the paper so far, I am pleased to find it is ably 
patronized. Mr. Blair, the editor, is a high-minded, 
independent and enterprising Kentuckian, descended 
from one of the first families in the United States, 
which family I knew well, although I never had the 
pleasure of seeing Mr. Blair until I saw him in Wash- 
ington. 

"F. P. Blair, Esq., is rather a young man of com- 
mon height, good figure and light make, with a thin, 
fair, Grecian face, and a countenance of singular 
keenness of expression. His eye, a clear blue of un- 
winking boldness, is a two edged sword, and every 
feature of his face is stamped with genius. His man- 



164 ANNE ROY ALL 

ners are plain, frank and independent. His dress 
simple, his conversation pointed and sensible, and be- 
speaks a man of information. He is a keen, fearless 
writer and for the sake of my country, I am pleased 
at the manly and decided stand he has taken against 
the United States Bank. The people may be assured 
from this he is their staimch friend. I go heart and 
hand with him. He is exactly a man after my own 
heart; he is for his country, his whole country, and 
nothing but his country. May that country appre- 
ciate his worth." 

Of the famous leader in the historic struggle for 
sound currency the editor of Paul Pry says : 

* ' Though we are not an admirer af Mr, Benton 's 
manners by any means, we are a great admirer of his 
talents. No language that we are mistress of can give 
any idea of his reply to Mr. Clay on the Bank Veto. 
Such was the force and power of his language we for- 
got he was a man. His words rolled in torrents, min- 
gled with thunder and lightning, transfixing the lis- 
teners to their seats. It was a succession of electric 
shocks. He scattered Mr. Clay's arguments to the 
winds like chaff. Mr. Clay was no more in Mr. Ben- 
ton's hands than a kid in the paws of a lion. He was 
so bold, so earnest that every avenue of the Capitol 
resounded. ' ' 

During Mr. Benton's tremendous speech Mrs. 
Eoyall stood leaning on the railing exactly behind the 
chair of Henry Clay, with whom she conversed at 
intervals. A representative of the Alexandria Phoe- 
nix, a pro-Bank paper, saw possibilities of ridicule of 
Benton in Mrs. Roy all's vigorous agreement with the 
speech. Perhaps such a possibility was suggested to 
the newspaper man by Clay himself, although with 
true southern chivalry the Kentucky senator turned 



ANNE ROYALL 165 

to Mrs. Royall and asked her if she objected to having 
her presence noted. She replied that she did not ob- 
ject. The Phoenix says sarcastically : 

"Surrounding Mr. B. when he delivered his tre- 
mendous retributive phillipic under which Mr. Clay 
sank, were Kendall, Lewis, etc., etc., and the amiable 
Mrs. Royall. The kitchen cabinet backed by the au- 
thoress of the Black Book. ' ' 

Mrs. Royall denies that she stood near Mr. Benton 
but insists pluckily that the gentlemen named would 
have been in very good company had she been of their 
group. 



CHAPTER X 
Paul Pry 

Editors of weekly papers all over the country 
sustained a sort of "hail fellow, well met" attitude 
toward Mrs. Royall, poking plenty of fun at her 
which she took in good part. Often, indeed, she 
adroitly twisted their jokes into compliments which 
she copied, as such, in her columns. She writes ap- 
preciatively : 

"Editors are the most generous and feeling class 
of men in our coimtry and the worst rewarded ac- 
cording to their deserts. They toil at the oar night 
and day to improve, amuse and instruct mankind. If 
it were not for editors the world would revert back 
to barbarism." 

One editorial admirer wrote an acrostic in honor 
of Mrs. Royall : 

' ' Me to inspire ye sacred nine, 

Rifle your treasures — clothe each line, 

Send me choice flowers to gem her cro\vn, 

And give my favorite fair renown. 

No heroine more brave than she, 

Nor toil nor danger doth she flee; 

Ever prepared to take the field, 

Resistless power therein to wield. 

0, may Paul Pry with Samson's jaw 

Your Pandemonium smite w^th awe; 

And the Black Books give rogues their due — 

Lend each a glass his crimes to view." 



I 






ANNE ROYALL 167 

Probably her attitude toward Masonry had much 
to do with the kind feeling of many papers for her. 
The older press was almost solidly Pro-Mason in char- 
acter. But the friendliness of the secular papers was 
more than offset by the virulence of the Evangelical 
and Anti-]\Iasonic organs. The following extract from 
The New England Religious Weekly shows that all 
the "blackguarding" did not come from Anne's side 
of the firing line: 

"Anne Royall, Esq. — Mistress Anne Roy all, au- 
thor of the Black Books and sundry other blackguard 
publications, has forgotten her late conviction by a 
jury of being a common scold and public nuisance, and 
is now applying herself to her old vocation with all 
the virulence of a Meg Merrilies. The old hag pub- 
lishes a weekly paper at "Washington, ycleped the 
Paul Pry, which is a strong Jackson print and con- 
tains all the scum, billingsgate and filth extant." 

""Wonder in what part of the Bible he foimd 
that?" is Mrs. Royall 's comment upon this unflatter- 
ing picture of herself and her paper. 

During the Jackson era sharp pens were in great 
demand on both sides. Once Mrs. Royall was offered 
two thousand dollars for the silence of Paul Pry on 
a certain question. She was poor — often to the point 
of hunger and cold and nakedness. But she refused 
the bribe. She says, "Some people think we write 
for pay, and so we do, but we are not an hireling 
writer. ' ' 

Mrs. Royall gave strong approval to the Jack- 
sonian policy of "turning the rascals out," for she 
believed, and had good reason for so believing, that 



168 ANNE ROYALL 

long tenure of office usually resulted in arrogance 
and petty tyranny : 

''You say that Mr. Sweeny, a very honest man, 
has been in the post office for twenty years. Then 
it was time for Mr. Somebody Else who has been out 
of the post office for twenty years to take his place. 
So of all these twenty years men. Our people, so far 
as they have failed to turn out these incompetent old 
incumbents, have proved themselves unworthy of the 
trust reposed in them." 

In a long editorial, Mrs. Royall argues that there 
exists no valid reason why a salaried, practically de- 
pendent class should be fastened on the government 
for life. The more persons who, by actual service, 
learn the science of government, the better citizens 
we shall have, she preached. 

Mrs. Royall's repeated assertion that she never 
meddled with politics had just about as much founda- 
tion in fact as Anthony Absolute's declaration that 
he was "calm." From the first number of Paul Pry 
to the last issue of The Huntress, almost a quarter 
of a century afterward, there was not a single political 
battle fought in Washington about which Anne Royall 
did not have, or rather, fling, her say. She hit, too, 
with uncommon frequency, and always near the bull's 
eye. Her pages contain much to offend a critical 
literary taste, much that her admirers could wish had 
never been printed. But, liked or disliked, her bit- 
terest enemies must admit that her editorial and other 
utterances never lacked point. 

Twentieth century Americans know little, and 
care little, more's the pity, about the economic bat- 
tles which, quite as truly as gun-powder encounters, 



ANNE ROY ALL 169 

have made their country great. It would seem to be 
high time that text-books of United States history- 
should describe, clearly and at length, the great fight 
for sound money led by Andrew Jackson, with the 
masses at his back, against the powerful United States 
Bank — the octopus trust of his day. Adult special 
students, of course, may find and read scores of books 
about this mighty struggle. But the majority of the 
persons who exercise the right of suffrage will never 
be special students of United States, or any other, 
history. A democratic government, for its own pres- 
ervation, should catch its voters young. 

The enormous power possessed by the Bank of 
the United States is well summed up by Parton in his 
admirable Life of Andrew Jackson : 

"At the beginning of the administration of Gen- 
eral Jackson the Bank of the United States was a 
truly imposing institution. Its capital was thirty- 
five millions. The public money deposited in its 
vaults averaged six or seven millions; its private de- 
posits six millions more; its circulation twelve mil- 
lions; its discounts more than forty millions a year; 
its annual profits more than three millions. Beside 
the parent Bank at Philadelphia with its marble pal- 
ace and hundreds of clerks, there were twenty-five 
branches in the towns and cities of the Union, each 
of which had its President, cashier and Board of Di- 
rectors. The employees of the Bank were more than 
five hundred in number, all men of standing and in- 
fiuence, and liberally salaried. In every county of the 
Union, in every nation on the globe, were stock-holders 
of the Bank of the United States. One fifth of its 
stock was held by foreigners. One fourth of its stock 
was held by women, orphans, and trustees of charity 
funds — so high, so unquestioned was its credit. From 



170 ANNE ROYALL 

Maine to Georgia, from Georgia to Astoria, a man 
could travel and pass these notes without discount. 
Nay, in London, Paris, Cairo, Calcutta, St. Peters- 
burg, the notes of the Bank of the United States were 
worth a fraction more or a fraction less, according to 
the rate of exchange. They could usually be sold at 
a premium at the remotest commercial centers. It was 
not uncommon for the stock of the United States Bank 
to be sold at a premium of forty percent. The Di- 
rectors of this Bank were twenty-five in number of 
whom five were appointed by the United States. The 
Bank and its branches received and disbursed the 
entire revenue of the nation. At the head of this 
great establishment was the renowned Nicholas 
Biddle." 

Single-handed and alone, long before Jackson 
actively opposed it, plucky old Anne Royall took up 
cudgels against this great monopoly. In her Black Book 
she pilloried one of the foremost bank officials. After- 
ward, Nicholas Biddle said to her jestingly: "Ah, 
Mrs. Royall, I will have you tried for your life for 
killing my President." 

Agitation against the Bank in Jackson's time was 
begun by Isaac Hill, of New Hampshire, in a political 
fight with Jeremiah Mason, a famous New Hampshire 
lawyer, and president of the branch bank at Ports- 
mouth. Jackson sided with Hill in the conten- 
tion, and every message sent to Congress thereafter 
by the President contained veiled or open threats 
against the United States Bank. The charter of the 
Bank was to expire in four years but its friends, 
taking alarm, determined to ask Congress for a re- 
newal of the charter ahead of time. The effort was 
successful. In 1832 a bill passed both houses of 



ANNE ROYALL 171 

Congress renewing the charter of the United States 
Bank. The opposition papers declared that Jackson 
would never dare to veto this bill. Little Paul Pry 
and all the administration organs shrieked that he 
would. Jackson did veto the bill with amazing 
promptness. 

Seldom in its history has the United States seen 
such excitement as was caused by President Jackson 's 
veto of the Bank bill. The people were wild. Every- 
where the working men and women rejoiced as if 
Utopia were before them. Bonfires were lighted in 
every public square and on hill-tops. Bands played. 
Congratulatory speeches were made and much good 
rum was drunk. Anne Royall expressed the feelings 
and the opinion of thousands when under a big, black 
eagle on the first page of Paul Pry, she declared, 
"President Jackson has placed himself on the highest 
pinnacle of honor by this courageous veto." 

But the stock-holders of the Bank did not rejoice. 
The smallest fish were not too small for an angry trust 
to notice. Even old Mrs. Royall and her funny little 
newspaper were marked for revenge. The few shreds 
of reputation which the Evangelicals and the Anti- 
Masons had left the editor of Paul Pry were soon torn 
to pieces by friends of the mortally wounded Bank. 
She even suffered physically for the cause of sound 
money. A man who was, probably, a crazy stock- 
holder, assaulted her by hitting her on the head as 
she was standing in the post office of a southern town. 
She says: "Only the fact that I had on a heavily 
wadded bonnet, which I had purchased once when I 
thought of traveling in Canada, saved my life." 



172 ANNE ROY ALL 

The Paul Prij did good service for other causes, 
notably fighting a proposed law to stop the transporta- 
tion of mail on Sunday, and also against threatened 
nullification of the tariff laws. Possibly Mrs. Royall is 
the only woman in the United States who ever under- 
stood the ins and outs of any tariff legislation. She 
advocated a middle course — urging England to be 
less greedy and warning the South not to become hys- 
terical. In a capital editorial, too long to quote en- 
tire, she scores and advises both sides : 

"We see now, as heretofore, the same hostility to 
the peace and happiness of the Union, for both the 
High Tariff men and the Nullifiers, to carry their 
point, would see the Union rent into atoms. A down- 
east man is in tears over woolens. ' ' She then goes on 
to dissect the arguments for a better tariff on tiannel 
put forward by the "down east" man. From him 
she turns her attention to the Nullifiers who have 
seriously proposed marching to the factories of the 
north with guns in their hands. "This sort of Nul- 
lification talk," she says, "is silly — the result of 
money, tract, baby-cap and pin-cushion religion. It 
is wholly without reason." Next, she calmly discuss- 
es the bill at that time before Congress. She con- 
eludes : 

"The hackneyed clause 'Congress shall have pow- 
er to regulate foreign commerce' is always rung. "We 
ask the gentleman what he thinks of another clause in 
the Constitution, viz : There shall be no unequal tax- 
ation, or words to that effect. We have to say this 
of the Constitution, that if it allows interested men to 
vote great sums of money out of other people 's pockets 
into their own it is very deficient." 



ANNE ROTALL 173 

Access to the "White House seems to have been 
dangerously easy in Jackson's time. Mrs. Royall 
writes : 

"Making a few calls on our friends in the neigh- 
borhood of the President last Wednesday, we called in 
I to offer him our congratulations on his late happy es- 
cape from the assassin, LawTence. We found the 
door open, walked in, rang for the porter and waited 
for some time but saw nor heard no person excepting 
another female visitor. The President will, therefore, 
have the goodness to accept our congratulations 
through this channel." 

i The local news in both Paul Pry and The Hun- 
' tress was confined almost exclusively to the different 
departments of the Government. Mrs. Royall cer- 
tainly had a nose for graft. She made frequent tours 
through the state department, treasury, post-office, 
and other public buildings "spotting" corrupt offi- 
cials who, in her judgment, ought to be removed for 
the good of the service. Those who, in addition to 
being dishonest, as she believed, were pious Anti- 
Masons fared hard at her hands. Judged by modern 
standards, Mrs. Royall's free use of names in print 
is abominable. Her coupling many of these names 
with her own personal grievances is a still greater 
offence against good taste. The modern reader is 
continually offended by these flaws in Mrs. Royall's? 
newspapers no less than in her books. But she had 
plenty of company in her journalistic sins. Files of 
many other newspapers of the same barren literary 
era are equally distasteful, and far less amusing read- 
ing. Every page of Anne Royall's newspapers 
breathes patriotism. She was always reproaching 



174 ANNE ROYALL 

Washingtonians with their lack of that virtue. July 
12, 1834, she writes indignantly in Paul Pry. 

' * It will, it must astonish the people of the United 
States that this anniversary of the Fourth of July, as 
well as last year, was passed over in this city with 
silent contempt, except for a few crackers and rockets 
here and there. What does this mean, we should like 
to know? The Intelligencer makes a pitiful apology 
for this neglect of our sacred day. The Glohe passes 
it over in contemptuous silence. 

"Not a city, towTi or hamlet in the Union but has 
testified more or less respect for this day, while this 
'ten mile square' has not taken pains to conceal its 
contempt. That there is a plot to make this place 
the seat of MONARCHY or of a HIERARCHY, 
which you please, is plain. Hence, they want to wean 
the people from even the semblance of independence. 
Yet the people let their representatives appropriate 
money to build up this city." 

Amusingly fanatical, perhaps, but Mrs. Royall 
honestly feared all the dire evils that she prophesied 
as likely to spring from ecclesiastical and Anti-Ma- 
sonic influence. 

Gradually, though, she came to love the city of 
Washington. Year by year she grew less bitter. 
Pride in the growth of the capital took the place of 
her former suspicion that money was being wasted 
in beautifying the place. 

Although a painfully amateur sheet, Paul Pry 
mastered one great lesson of newspaper success. It 
learned to blow its own horn. In the last number, 
November 19, 1836, just after the election of Van 
Buren as Jackson's successor, its editor rehearses at 



ANNE ROYALL 175 

length some of the services which her paper has per- 
formed for the country at large and for Washington : 

"Always in the van of the editorial corps, and 
attacking the enemies of the country in their strong- 
holds, Paul Pry dragged them into open day, and 
pointed them out to the people. Paul Pry was the 
first to soimd the note of alarm that there were traitors 
in the camp. It was the first to proclaim the aban- 
donment of Reform by General Jackson. It was the 
first to discover and to challenge the Post Office 
frauds. It was the first to challenge the organiza- 
tion of the office-holders, as a party, at the Fourth 
of July celebration at Pittsburg and Brownsville, in 
1833. It was the first that challenged the Indian 
land frauds of the great land companies, and the per- 
fidy of the southern Jackson men in selling the 
country to Mr. Van Buren and his political intriguers 
to conceal those frauds. Paul Pry was the first to put 
a stop to the enormous swindling of a Imot of 'God's 
people,' as they call themselves. Millions of dollars 
were swallowed up by this concern (thank God for 
removing two of them) under pretence of drawing 
money for corporation debts from Congress. Paul 
Pry was the first to trace these pious rogues to their 
den and drag them forth (may a speedy vengeance 
overtake them) to the light of day. 

"And it is to Paul Pry that the citizens of Wash- 
' ington are chiefly indebted for the last act of Con- 
gress in behalf of their Holland debt, by putting it 

i out of the power of this pious and his 

friends to finger the cash. 

"In return, we are proud to acknowledge that 
the citizens of Washington have ever been the able, 
willing and untiring friends of Paul Pry. A thou- 
sand years of service of ten such papers to such people 
would not, nor could not repay them. The editress 
has only to say that if the people will do their duty 
to themselves as faithfully as has been done by them 



\ 



176 ANNE ROYALL 

all will yet be well. But let no man sleep at his post. 
Remember, the office holders are desperate, wakeful 
and urgent." 

Mrs. Royall's editorial utterances were often 
stolen. Even a late two-volume historical work quotes 
a full editorial from Paul Pry with only the vague 
introduction, "A Washington paper of the time said," 
The author of this same historical work also quotes, 
with due and full acknowledgement, from the Olobe 
and the Intelligencer, of Washington. 

Verily, the ghost of bigotry walks long! Seven- 
ty-five years have passed, and yet an American his- 
torian fears, apparently, that he may detract from 
the dignity of his book by openly crediting the words 
that vivify his description to the woman who wrote 
them — a woman whose sole crime was that she cried 
out (screamed out, termagant-like, if you will) to 
those whom she honestly believed to be pharisees and 
money-changers defiling the temple of Liberty, "Away 
with ye, hypocrites and thieves." 



fl 



CHAPTER XI 
The Huntress 

Through the mistakes of her first paper Mrs. 
Royall learned to edit her second one admirably. The 
first number of The Huntress was issued December 
2, 1836. Until extreme old age impaired Mrs. Royall's 
physical strength The Huntress remained a very 
sprightly and readable paper, always excepting, of 
course, editorial matter distasteful to Anti-Masons and 
to persons holding strict Calvanistic views. Owing, 
however, to the widespread horror of its editor among 
the Evangelicals, The Huntress was never much of a 
financial success. 

' Mrs. Royall started out on new and improved 

lines. The first page of the little newspaper was 
devoted to purely literary matter — well-selected 
stories, poems, and instructive anecdotes. Two pages 

I were filled with lively editorial comment, news, and 
a capital joke colunm. The remaining sheet was fair- 
ly well covered with advertisements. 

The rancor which lay behind Paul Pry at its 
inception had almost wholly disappeared, as far as 
the editor's personal grievances went. Mrs. Royall 
now felt kindly toward the city of Washington al- 
though she believed the capital city ought to be farther 
west and prophesied its early removal thither. One 
of the most sympathetic items in an early number of 



178 ANNE ROYALL 

The Huntress is a paragraph of congratulation to 
Judge Cranch (the presiding Judge at Mrs. Royall's 
trial, it will be remembered) upon his recovery from 
a severe illness. She adds: 

/■ ''Judge Cranch 's two sons are fine fellows. One 

of them is a superior artist. It is a disgrace to our 
country that these two young men should remain un- 
recognized. ' ' 

Looking over the story-pages of The Huntress is 
like entering an old farmhouse attic hung around with 
bunches of sage, catnip, spearmint, and penny-royal I 
— sweet homely herbs which, in Anne Royall's time, 
formed the materia medica of many an American 
household. Agnes Strickland, Frederika Bremer, 
Miss Mitford, Grace Greenwood, Mrs. Sigourney, 
Sarah Jane Hale, are a few of the names that bring 
to the elderly reader memories almost sacred. Mrs. 
Hemans, Alice Gary, N. P. Willis, and 0. W. Holmes 
are names signed to many of the poems which Mrs. 
Royall copied in The Huntress. Mrs. Malaprop, Jack 
Downing, and Widow Bedott have much to say. Con- 
cerning the latter, Mrs. Royall asks, "What has be- 
come of the Widow Bedott ? He who has delighted the i 
readers of the Saturday Gazette ? Can he not get up j 
a new subject in nature's finest touches, of which the 
table-talk of the Widow Bedott is the truest specimen 
extant ? These articles contain the most perfect paint- 
ing of human nature, life and manners we ever meti 
with, not excepting ' Sam Slick. ' ' ' 

Mrs. Royall worshipped the rising Dickens. 
"Sketches from Pickwick, "" Boz, " and " Wellerisms" 
head many a column of The Huntress. Pen portraits 



ANNE ROYALL 179 

were continued in The Huntress, especially of mem- 
bers of Congress. There was a "Ladies' Gallery" 
also. Judging by Mrs. Royall's feminine portraits 
there was not a single ugly woman in "Washington 
society. The following is a specimen of her pictures 
of her own sex as shown in The Huntress. The tribute 
is wholly sincere, for Mrs. Jones, wife of Senator G. 
W. Jones, of Iowa, had been very good to old Mrs. 
Royall. Tradition says, too, that the account of the 
lady's beauty is not exaggerated. 

''MRS. HON. SENATOR JONES. 

* ' Here we must pause. This lady, with the high- 
est accomplishments, imites a flowing figure of the 
De Medicis model. She is, upon every account, a 
splendid woman. Yet her style of beauty, particular- 
ly the eye and countenance are new to us. We some- 
times meet with traits in the human face that baffle 
the English language and can only be reached figur- 
atively. But in the present case we are bankrupt. 
Mrs. J. is very young, quite a girl, tall and formed as 
above mentioned, with all the grace and dignity of 
the De Medicis sculpture. Her hair is black as the 
raven, profuse and glossy. Her features are roimd 
in contour, of the most becoming harmony. Her 
skin is fair and diffused with a crimson bloom, 
ornamented with dimples. Her bland smooth fore- 
head — a most tranquil brow — chaste and spotless 
as the downy snow, has much expression. But her 
eye — it is like no other. It is large, of a dark hazel 
and neither sparkles nor glitters, but has a steady 
halo, or glow, as though it were on the point of burst- 
ing into a magic flame. But the innocence, the shrink- 
ing modesty and the imploring kindness of those eyes, 
that countenance, and those lady-like manners, we 
never shall forget." 



180 ANNE ROY ALL 

Never in her portraits of ladies does Mrs. Royall , 
mention their clothes. She would have considered 
such allusion impertinent. Neither does she in her 
newspapers ever take the slightest notice of brilliant , 
social functions such as fill columns nowadays. A 
political banquet at which good or significant speeches 
were made sometimes claims her attention, and once 
she quotes sympathetically a description of a picnic 
at Lowell, Massachusetts, at which four thousand mill 
girls were entertained by the owners of a new factory 
which was to amaze the world by ' ' using several hun- ^ 
dred power looms." 

The Huntress, like its predecessor, Paul Pry, was 
an independent journal. Its editor writes: 

"They say, 'Why not take one side or the other, 
Mrs. R., and stick to it?' Not so. We leave party 
questions in better hands — to our friends of the 
JJnion and the Intelligencer — while we look after the i 
great enemy of our country, Despostism. We beg 
leave to state once for all, we are neither Whig nor 
Democrat but put the rod to both when we think they 
do wrong." 

Mrs. Royall never lost her reverence for the press i 
as a means of enlightenment. The motto conspicu- 
ously displayed on the first page of The Huntress was 
a line from Jefferson: "Education, the main pillar 
which sustains the Temple of Liberty." 

A newspaper's chief business, according to Mrs. 
Royall, was to educate the people to respect, maintain, 
and defend free government. 

Mrs. Royall 's personal choice for President as 
Jackson's successor was Judge White, of Tennessee. 
She did not trust Van Buren. She writes: "Mr. 



ANNE ROYALL 181 

Van Buren is obnoxious to all parties because there 
is no dependence to be placed on the man. He is 
like the Irishman's flea, when you put your hand on 
him he is not there." 

In the days of The Huntress, election returns 
came into Washington slowly. In the issue dated 
December 2, 1836, she says : 

"We had not received all the returns when our 
paper went to press — the mails, as respects the peo- 
ple, are dead. The general opinion was that the office- 
holders and General Jackson had elected their candi- 
date. Van Buren. This news will be received with 
great indignation by the people. All the comfort we 
have for them is to keep cool for the present, until they 
can gain time and information, upon the best means 
to rescue their country. Meantime, it is no small 
gratification to us that in four cities which patronized 
the EXTRA PAUL PRY viz: Philadelphia, New 
York, Harrisburg and Lancaster, the party was de- 
feated. ' ' 

Of Van Buren 's message, she says, "It is some- 
thing like the Indian 's knife — ' a great gewgaw of a 
handle, no blade at all, almost.' " 

But Anne Royall knew her civic duty. "The 
office of President," she says, "should make any man 
respected." Very soon, therefore, she called on Pres- 
ident Van Buren at the White House: 

"We have often heard it stated that President 
Van Buren would not admit visitors to his house un- 
less they had particular official business. This must 
be erroneous. We found not half so much difficulty 
as we sometimes find at the houses of common citi- 
zens, or as we have sometimes found at the same man- 
sion heretofore. 



182 ANNE ROYALL 

"A very genteel porter answered our call, and 
very promptly not only invited us in but upon our 
saying that we wished to see the President, without 
announcing us at all, led the way upstairs saying, 
'Walk up. Madam.' Upon reaching the President's 
door he announced us for the first time, at which we 
were somewhat confused. But we were immediately 
admitted and found Mr. Van Buren well. He was 
alone except for his eldest son, his private secretary. 
Both received us standing and with the same easy 
courtesy for which Mr. Van Buren is justly distin- 
guished. After chatting a few minutes and exchang- 
ing reciprocal good wishes for each other's health and 
happiness, we took leave much pleased with our visit. ' ^ 

After the United States Bank was downed United 
States funds were distributed among favored state 
banks. A troublesome surplus soon accumulated 
which Congress, after the manner of some later Con- 
gresses, was quite willing to reduce by all manner of 
land and other bills, many of which were designed to 
aid corporate interests. Paper money flooded the , 
land. Paper banks sprung up like mushrooms all 
over the country. Legally, the public money placed 
in the different state banks was merely loaned to 
these institutions. Nevertheless, most states regarded 
the fimds thus deposited, practically as a gift. Nat- 
urally * ' distribution ' ' of public money, was extremely 
popular. The banks speculated wildly with these 
government funds, especially in buying public lands 
in the far West. A few, including Jackson himself, 
saw the danger that threatened the country from this 
unnatural inflation of the currency. Accordingly, a 
week after the adjournment of a refractory Congress, 
President Jackson issued his famous "Specie Circu- 



ANNE ROYALL 183 

lar, ' ' the full results of which were not felt until 
Van Buren's administration. This circular ordered 
all land commissioners, after a certain date, to accept 
only gold and silver in payment for public land. A 
financial crash followed which reached its height under 
Van Buren in 1837. Distress was widespread. Even 
Washington city, where there were no manufacturing 
interests and where the population was made up large- 
ly of salaried persons, felt the panic severely, Mrs. 
Eoyall, who had always stood for sound money, writes 
of the local situation: 

''THE PROSPECT BEFORE US. 

"People may say lo, here, and lo, there, and talk 
as they please of the happiness of our country and the 
fitness of our Constitution to insure peace and pros- 
perity — but we see distress and trouble look which 
way we will. If it be happiness for one portion of 
the people — and no inconsiderable portion — to do 
all the labor and yet suffer for the necessaries of life, 
and, in many cases, after laboring hard a lifetime, 
perish of want in our streets or in the poorhouse (the 
same thing) while another portion lives idle, dresses 
gay, visits, has splendid houses and furniture, fine 
carriages, and every luxury for the table that money 
can buy — if it be happiness and prosperity for pro- 
visions to be out of the reach of the poor and indigent, 
then we are prosperous. Bacon 16 cents, pork 10 
to 12 cents, brown sugar 14, lard 14 to 18, butter 37i/^ 
to 40, and whilst this rise in provisions is as sudden 
as it is extraordinary money has as suddenly disap- 
peared. This is the case in Washington and, from 
the best information we are able to obtain, it is the 
case generally, and starvation stares us in the face. 
If this be happiness, then we are a happy people. So 



184 ANNE ROYALL 

much for our domestic concerns. This is accounted 
for by the multiplication of banks and corporate 
concerns." 

A certain much-abused Trust is evidently older 
than many people laiow. An editorial in The Hun- 
tress deals with it : 

"THE BEEF MONOPOLY. 

"We learn from undoubted authority that one 
of the largest beef-monopolies of the South last week 
obtained a loan exceeding $40,000 from one of our 
banks to enable it to keep up the price of cattle. May 
the beef men and the bank men be crushed to atoms 
by the weight of their own enormities!" 

About the year 1837 the cry began to be raised, 
"America for the Americans." The feeling against 
foreigners, especially against Catholic foreigners, be- 
came intense. Mrs. Royall looked on this sentiment 
as manufactured and fostered by the Church and 
State party — a clever attempt to grasp political con- 
trol. She says : 

"A Catholic foreigner discovered America. Cath- 
olic foreigners first settled it. Then foreigners of all 
denominations came over and settled the new country. 
Some came at one time and some at another — they 
have been coming ever since. When the colonies were 
about to be enslaved, foreigners rescued it. Mean- 
time, we beg leave to say that the day may come when 
it may be dangerous to permit foreigners to emigrate 
to this country but that day, we believe, is far distant 
— a thousand years, perhaps. 

"At present, we verily believe, that the liberty 
of this country is in more danger from this native 
combination than from foreigners and it is as clear to 
our view as the hand before our face, that the object 
of this native association is to establish a despotic 



I 



ANNE ROYALL 185 

power. The outcry of these natives arises from the 
well known fact that they dread foreigners as an 
unsurmountable obstacle to the accomplishment of 
their treacherous plot." 

During the campaign of 1844 which ended in the 
election of James K. Polk as President, Mrs. Royall 
had an associate editor who managed a poetical-politi- 
cal supplement at his own expense. Mrs. Royall al- 
ways washed her hands of poetry. She says: 

"The poetical articles which appear in this paper 
this week are the productions of the assistant editor. 
His club-offer, etc., (in another column) is totally in- 
dependent of the regular circulation and is done to 
gratify the lovers of songs, etc. It is a speculation 
of his own which, for his sake, we hope may be suc- 
cessful. ' ' 

Mr. C. W. Fenton, the assistant editor, was a 
Whig of the most pronounced type. Under his in- 
fluence the little Huntress suddenly broke out with 
startling headlines: 

"A RARE CHANCE: 

"ORIGINAL WHIG SONGS, THE HUNTRESS 
FOR 50 CENTS UNTIL THE PRESI- 
DENTIAL ELECTION. 

"All who wish to have in their possession a col- 
lection of choice, well-written, pointed, original Whig 
I Songs and other caustic productions have the oppor- 
I tunity now offered them, at the low price of FIFTY 
I CENTS." 

The songs were jingles made up of personal allu- 
sions, bad puns, and clumsy jokes. The following is a 

I 



186 ANNE ROYALL 

specimen which Mrs. Royall cautiously pronounces to 
be "probably creditable to the author": 

"WHY DON'T HE CROW? 

* ' That bird on the top of the hickory pole, 
That bird on the top of the hickory pole, 
That bird on the top of the hickory pole ; 
What is it — a pheasant ? Oh no sir, oh no. 
That bird is a rooster. Then why don 't he crow ? 

' ' That bird seems weary, how came it up there ? 
It should not have flown so high through the air. 
He turns round about with so vacant a stare. 
That I very much doubt he could crow if he dare. 

"A splendid bald Eagle, 'twas said 'tother day, 
Flew over this pole to the Westward away. 
Which was construed by Amos* an omen of luck, 
Who is or pretends to be prophesy-struck. 

"But a prophet 'tis well known no honor obtains 
In the land of his birth, thereupon it remains 
To be seen in the issue how far he's correct, 
When himself and his Omens shall meet with respect. 

"But the Eagle which Westward was winging its way, 
To Kentucky was bound on a visit to Clay. 
Grapes come not of thorns nor of thistles the fig, 
This bald Eagle at Ashland will find a good W(h)ig."^ 

Mr, Fenton's Whig candidate, Henry Clay, was 
defeated because of his indecisive views on the question 
of the acquisition of Texas. James K. Polk, of Ten- 
nessee, who strongly favored the annexation of Texas^ 
was elected, the Liberty party, objecting to slavery 
and favoring the acquisition of Texas, holding the 
balance of power. 

It was extremely characteristic of Anne Royall 
that she should let Mr. Fenton sing his songs in her 

*Amos Kendall. 



ANNE ROY ALL 187 

newspaper while she, the chief editor, was strongly 
for Texas. Mr. Polk was an old acquaintance and 
patron of Mrs. Royall. In the interesting ' ' Polk Cor- 
respondence" preserved in the manuscript division of 
the Library of Congress we find a letter from Mrs. 
Royall to Mr. Polk which shows her independence more 
fully, perhaps, than any other single piece of evidence 
extant. It shows, also, how thoroughly sincere she 
was in her warfare against the Church and State 
party. At the head of the long sheet on which the 
letter is written is this receipt : 

"Received of Hon. J. K. Polk, two dollars and 
fifty cents for his paper, The Paul Fry. Washington 
City, Feby. 6th, 1834. 

"Anne Royall" 

Underneath follows the letter: 

"Hon. J. K. Polk 

"Sir: — 

"I do not feel reconciled in taking your money, 
and before I would have you imagine I am under 
obligations, which I am not, I shall be very happy to 
return it to you. I make these remarks from a report 
that would not justify silence and from the reluctance 
with which you in particular paid for the paper. And 
yet I hope I am mistaken. I rather think there is too 
much money religion in that quarter which I shall 
handle, not sparingly, when other matters are dis- 
posed of. I despise the canting of Messrs. Clay and 
March since they have been converted to Money Reli- 
gion. I have the honor to be, 

"Your obedient servant, 

"Anne Royall. 

"P. S. Men who are governed by women, and 
those women governed by Priests, are not fit to govern 
the Nation." 



188 ANNE ROYALL 

Mrs. Royall was an ardent expansionist. Of 
Texas she says : 

"Alas for the lone Star! Will our people stand 
with arms folded and tamely look on while those 
savage Spaniards butcher their kindred and their 
friends ? We think not. We hope not. ' ' 

Accordingly to The Huntress, the Mexican War 
was justifiable, even righteous. Of General Taylor, 
Mrs. Royall had the highest opinion : 

"General Taylor, with all the bravery of Csesar 
without his ambition, the prudence and policy of 
Washington, and the unflinching coolness and skill 
of General Jackson — as a great General has few 
equals in the art of War and the grandeur of his 
men. ' ' 

The shadow of the coming conflict over slavery 
grew apace. In the columns of The Huntress Mrs. 
Royall fought steadily against the abolitionists and 
all their works. Seldom, though, did she attack an 
abolitionist without qualifying her onslaught by ex- 
plaining that she did not defend slavery per se. That 
all abolitionists were, at heart, Church and State sup- 
porters she never doubted: 

* * We do not oppose abolition. We oppose the use 
that is made of it — being only a repetition of the 
Sunday mail plan." 

Mrs. Royall was present when Daniel Webster 
made a speech meant to suggest a compromise on the 
question of slavery. In this speech the great lawyer 
argued that while slavery could not legally be meddled 
with in the older states, the case was different in the 
territories. Mrs. Royall complains: "Mr. Webster 



ANNE ROYALL 189 

d:d not speak on this occasion with his accustomed 
vigor." But Senator Johnston, of Georgia, who fol- 
lowed the Massachusetts statesman, showed vigor 
enough. He set forth the abolitionists in a most un- 
complimentary light. Even Mrs. Royall felt sorry 
for them. She says: 

"These poor abolitionists are not the prime mov- 
ers of these appalling principles. They are most of 
them morally honest, even scrupulously so. They are 
kind neighbors and charitable on many occasions. But 
they have been erroneously educated. There may be 
a lack of intellectual grasp which cunning sectarians 
have moulded to their own interest in schools insti- 
tuted for this purpose, where their reasoning powers 
have been crushed out by forcing them to believe that 
their religion is the only true religion on earth. ' ' 

In fact, if the early abolitionists had not, in their 
manifestos, constantly declared that slavery was "a 
sin against God, ' ' and if they had not continually em- 
ployed other phrases common to the "blueskins," 
Anne Royall would, in all probability, have been their 
most ardent supporter. 

The editorial page of The Huntress, like that of 
Paul Pry, is a curious mixture of fanatical attack, 
solid chunks of common-sense, acute criticism, expos- 
ure of public corruption, and naive narration of the 
editor's personal affairs. Sometimes the editor takes 
the public into her confidence, thus: 

"No paper will be issued from this office this 
week. We really must take one week once in ten 
years to fix up our wardrobe which is getting shabby. 
Our next issue will welcome Congress." 



190 ANNE ROYALL ^ 

Mrs. Royall witnessed the first exhibition of the ! 
telegraph before a congressional committee. Mr. 
Morse asked her what he should say to his assistant 
in Baltimore, whom she knew well. 

She replied, "Tell him Mrs. Royall is present, "->' 
to which the gentleman at the other end of the line i 
gallantly responded, "Give my respects to Mrs. 
Royall." 

Long afterward she again met the great inventor. , 
She says: 

"We think very highly of this amiable man, and 
our opinion is that his country is unworthy of him. 
He has spent his life, his money and his talents in 
the study of Science for the benefit of mankind; the 
successful result, we believe, was offered to Congress 
but was evaded under some pretence or other. 

"When we first had the pleasure to see Professor 
Morse, some eighteen years since, he had just returned 
from Europe, where he had been to finish his studies. 
He was then a blooming young man and highly ac- 
complished. He is now thin, gray and careworn, 
though his manners are still fascinating. But he has 
lost that animation that became him so well. Thus 
Genius is suffered to languish and die in our country. 
Shame! Shame!" 

About this time the first daguerreotype rooms 
were opened in Washington, and Mrs. Royall, ever 
eager to see new inventions, immediately investigated 
the process. She writes: 

' ' It requires but a few minutes to take a likeness. 
You have nothing to do but sit still upon your chair 
and look through a tube. At first you see nothing; 
but in a short time (in our case) the cap-border was 
distinctly discernible, and the face soon came into^ 
full view." 



ANNE ROYALL 191 

The editor of The Huntress reassures timid per- 
sons who express doubts as to its being quite lady- 
like to have their pictures taken : 

' * No lady need apprehend the least thing unpleas- 
ant. As soon as she arrives Mr. Charles H. Brainard 
of Boston steps forward and offers his services and 
protection. There is no mistake. Mr. B., though 
quite young, is one of your high-minded men — 'ac- 
complished, and pleasant in his manners." 

Mrs. Royall could put a printing press together 
and she was able to imderstand the working of most 
of the machinery which delighted her at Pittsburg, 
but Daguerre's process, she confesses, was beyond 
her: 

"We have no conception of this mystery and 
should like to understand it. To us it appears super- 
human, and among our greatest discoveries." 



CHAPTER XII 
The West 

With the fierce, exultant love of the triumphant 
pioneer, Anne Royall loved the entire Union. Watch- 
ing the frontier move steadily westward -was her 
dearest pleasure for three-quarters of a stirring cen- , 
tury. Nowhere, perhaps, has this pregnant migration 
from the east to the Pacific been more effectively and ! 
clearly set forth than in Theodore Roosevelt's The \ 
Winning of the West. In his introduction to that ' 
valuable work, the author makes very plain certain ^ 
facts, and their geographical importance, which every 
intelligent American should know. By means of these ■ 
facts, with their enormous influence upon the national 
temperament, much in Anne Royall 's stormy career 
is easily explained. 

Mr. Roosevelt writes: i 

"The Americans began their work of western 
conquest as a separate and individual people at the 
moment when they sprang into national life. It has 
been their great work ever since." 

After speaking appreciatively of George Rogers 
Clarke and Houston, the historian continues : 

"The way in which the southern part of our coun- 
try — that is all the land south of the Ohio, and from 
thence on to the Rio Grande and the Pacific — was 



ANNE ROYALL 193 

won and settled stands quite alone. The region north 
of it was filled up in a very different manner. The 
Southwest, including what was once called simply 
the West, and afterward the middle West, was won 
by the people themselves, acting as individuals, or as 
groups of individuals who hewed out their individual 
fortunes in advance of any governmental action. On 
the other hand, the Northwest, speaking broadly, was 
acquired by the government, the settlers merely tak- 
ing possession of what the whole country guaranteed 
them. The Northwest is, essentially, a national do- 
main; it is fitting that it should be, as it is, not only 
by position but by feeling, the heart of the nation. 

"In the Southwest the early settlers acted as 
their own army and supplied both leaders and men. 
Sevier, Robertson, Clarke and Boone led their fellow- 
pioneers to battle, as Jackson did afterward, and 
Houston did later still. Indeed, the Southwesterners 
not only won their own soil for themselves, but they 
were the chief instruments in the acquisition of the 
Northwest also. Had it not been for the conquest 
of the Illinois towns in 1779 we would probably never 
have had any Northwest to settle ; and the huge tract 
between the upper Mississippi and the Columbia, then 
called upper Louisiana, fell into our hands only be- 
cause the Kentuckians and Tennesseeans were reso- 
lutely bent on taking possession of New Orleans, 
either by bargain or battle. All our territory lying 
beyond the Alleghanies, north and south, was first 
won for us by the Southwesterners, fighting for their 
own land. The northern part was afterward filled 
up by the thrifty, vigorous men of the Northeast, 
whose sons became the real rulers as well as the pre- 
servers of the Union ; but these settlements of North- 
erners were rendered possible only by the deeds of 
;he nation as a whole. They entered on land that 
ihe Southerners had won, and they were kept there 



194 ANNE EOYALL 

by the strong arm of the Federal Government ; where- 
as, the Southerners owed most of their victories only 
to themselves." 

Anne Royall was born into the individualistic 
pioneer life; traveling in Tennessee, Kentucky, and 
Alabama, she had absorbed the splendid colonistic i 
enthusiasm of the Southwest; her army husband, 
whose opinions she reverenced, upheld with all his 
heart the ordinance of 1787 under which the North- 
west was settled and which, says Mr. Roosevelt, "ab- 
solutely determined its destiny, and thereby in the 
end, also determined the destiny of the whole nation ;" 
her long residence of thirty-one years at the national I 
capital where territorial expansion never ceases to be 
a topical storm-center, only strengthened her original 
affection for the West and its people ; moreover, there 
was something congenial to her daring, impetuous 
nature in the free, unconventional, hospitable atmos- 
phere of the "West. She even insisted that life in the 
broad western domain left an ennobling mark upon 
the faces of the men and women brought up there. 
She writes: 

' ' There is an independence in the looks and man- 
ners of the Western people, an elevation of thought, 
and a serenity of countenance altogether peculiar to 
them. ' ' 

Mrs. Royall 's mother, Mrs. Butler, and her broth- 
er, James Butler, it will remembered, went to Ken- 
tucky and from thence migrated west to Indiana. In 
1831 Mrs. Royall had the great happiness of seeing 
both again after a separation of more than fifteen; 
years. On her way to them, in Lawrenceburg, In-1 



ANNE ROYALL 195 

diana, she was also overjoyed to meet one of the two 
young men who came forward as her bondsmen the 
day of her trial in Washington City. 

'*! was hardly seated in the parlor of the tavern 
when, to my infinite joy, my friend Mr. Thomas Dow- 
ling, whom I had left in Washington city, stepped in 
and took me by the hand!" 

After three exclamation marks to express her 
pleasure, Mrs. Royall continues: 

"My joy was unbounded, of all the friends I 
have in the world I esteem him the most, and to meet 
him in a strange land was a cordial. I forgot the 
trunks, my brother, my mother, and all my cares. 
He soon had the trunks forthcoming, and in a few 
words informed me he lived in the place, and was the 
joint editor of a paper published at Lawrenceburg. 
The virtues and talents of this young man are well 
known. He used to work with IMessrs. Gales and 
Seaton, and from a friendless, homeless orphan lad 
has become one of the first members of society. His 
brother, Mr. John Bowling, the eldest, equally respec- 
table for talents, is now studying law at Lexington. 
The latter is a Jackson man, and Thomas goes for 
Henry Clay. I was much gratified to find he com- 
manded (which he always will) the respect and es- 
teem of all parties." 

In a footnote, Mrs. Eoyall notes that ''Mr. Dow- 
ling has since removed to Greensburg, and publishes 
a paper of his own." 

Indiana in 1831 w^as such a "thickly timbered 

state" that Mrs. Royall declares she very nearly suf- 

ifocated on her way across it. She goes on : 

i 

' "When we reached Connersville, Indiana, we 

discovered that my brother lived three miles further 



196 ANNE ROYALL 

on, and I coaxed up the man, who, for another dollar, ' 
conveyed me to my brother's through the most fertile 
and beautiful land under the sun. Great sugar trees ' 
from one hundred to one himdred and fifty feet high ! 
I had been praying all the way that I might find my '■ 
brother on a farm, that I might once more drink in : 
the pleasure of a sylvan shade, and was in raptures 
as we threaded our way through the dark shades and I' 
tangled roads. I left it all to my driver and was n- 
little amused with his 'right and left and straight 
forward. ' 

"I understood at Connersville that my mother 
had left her son and gone to live with a grandson. 
But there was still pleasure before me and novelty, 
too. I had seen my brother. Col. James Butler, but 
twice in thirty years, and we were a very short time 
together then, fifteen years since, and I had never 
seen wife or child belonging to him. I therefore ' 
hoped he might not laiow me that I might amuse , 
myself in passing for a stranger. I had no knowledge 
of his situation, nor comforts. All I Imew of him 
was that he was an intelligent, honest man, which I ' 
had heard from the members of Congress from his 
state. Though my Letters had preceded me to Con- ' 
nersville, and had been noticed so often in the papers, 
such is his retirement he never heard I was on the 
tour as it appeared. I resolved, if I did not like the 
appearance, to return in the same wagon to Conners- 
ville; and when we reached my brother's fence (the 
house setting back in a field) we left the baggage in' 
the wagon, tied the horse, and finding neither gate nor I 
stile, the driver helped me over, and we soon reached! 
the house which stood exposed to the blazing sim. \ 

"As I drew near the door so as to see the house, I| 
saw my brother and discovered by his smiling that h 
knew me. So it was all over. My sister Sally (as! 
we will call Mrs. Butler) was a great bouncing woman,:' 
with rosy cheeks and a rolling black eye. She cried' 



ANNE ROYALL 197 

for joy. She looked young enough to be my brother's 
daughter, and was nearly double his size. My brother 
was careworn and shrunk up to nothing. 

"I soon saw I was welcome on all sides. But 
the children ! — the house swarmed with them. ' Are 
all these yours ? ' I asked. ' Here is not half, ' said my 
brother. ' Here is a sweet little babe you haven 't seen 
yet, ' said my sister, taking an infant from the cradle. 
'We have two married,' said my brother, 'and two 
have gone away,' said my sister. There were six in 
the house then. They had ten, or perhaps, twelve; 
and from that day to this I never was able to retain 
their names. Meantime, I remained standing for I 
saw no chance to write. But one room in the house 
below stairs, or, rather, below ladder. All this I 
liked — it was novel, it was rural, it was wild — was 
what I had once been used to, and what I had long 
mourned for. But how was I to write? For you 
might stop my breath if you stop my pen. The north 
front of the house looked cool, and a grove of shady 
trees stood near; and a small cabin, too, though it 
looked rather rusty. I could have that fitted up and 
shaded with boughs, and by the help of imagination 
it might be changed to a new cabin — the very thing 
I wished for. All this was conceived in half a minute, 
or less, and, having settled the most important affair 
I sat do^^TQ and desired the man to bring in my bag- 
igage. 

'' "By this time one of the absent sons appeared, 
who, although only a boy in age was a man in size. 
His name was John. He was very handsome and very 
raw. He stood and stared at me awhile and then 
walked off to help with the baggage. After the man 
had taken a hasty snack I paid him the extra dollar, 
and he departed. We spent a pleasant evening in 
talking over old times. My mother, it appeared, lived 
with Cowan, at Edenburg, between forty and fifty 
miles distant, and they were about removing (if not 



198 ANNE ROYALL 

actually gone) up the Wabash to Logansport, nearly 
three hundred miles. This was a disappointment, 
indeed, but I resolved to rest a few weeks. 

"Accordingly, next morning, I slipped John a 
dollar, and set him forthwith at work upon my little 
cabin. He soon formed it into a pleasant bower by 
covering it with green boughs to keep out the sun, 
which otherwise would have assailed me through the 
logs. A table and chair were placed in the hut, and 
I was soon engaged with my pen as happy as heart 
could wish. 

"When tired of sitting, I often strolled about 
imder the lofty trees or called on a near neighbor. 
Sometimes, indeed, my premises were visited by a 
saucy hog which, I think, was a pet. But pet or no 
pet, he was very impudent and made no bones of root- 
ing down my shade, and often came to the door and 
grunted in my face. A rude flock of geese, and a 
still ruder flock of sheep often trespassed on my do- 
main, but the children were very good, and kept clean 
on the other side of the lot, and my time went off very 
pleasant for eleven days." 

This little oasis in her life did Mrs. Royall much 
good. She was never quite so sharp again. Mrs. 
Royall found her mother at Springfield, Vermilion 
county : 



( ( 



I inquired at the first house I came to if the 
Messrs. Cowan lived in Springfield and was answered 
in the affirmative. It being Sunday I supposed their 
store was shut, they being merchants; and wishing to 
apprise my mother of my arrival indirectly, I con- 
cluded to stop at the store myself and to send for 
one of the Cowans to break the matter to my mother 
by degrees. Accordingly, I stopped at the store, and 
finding a genteel man in the yard I asked which was 
Mr. Cowan's dwelling and if Mrs. Butler was at 

■i 



I 



ANNE ROYALL 199 

home ? He pointed to the the house which was about 
two hundred yards distant, and replied that he 
thought she was." 

Patrick and William Cowan, Mrs. Butler's grand- 
sons, came at once to the store. Mrs. Royall remarks : 



< i- 



Patrick, I thought, saluted rather coldly. I 
paid little attention to this for I was planning the 
interview with my mother, whom I had not seen for 
sixteen years. She was now in her seventy-eighth 
year, and though stout and active, as I luiderstood, I 
did not wish to meet her unapprised. She was in a 
neighbor's house in town to see a sick child; and 
Patrick, after apprising his wife, as it appears, to 
prepare breakfast, went for my mother — told her 
he wanted her to come home as it was near breakfast 
time. She paid little attention to him but continued 
to give directions about the sick child. 

" 'Come, come, Grandmother, I've got good news 
to tell you.' 

" 'What is it?' 

" 'Oh, come along and I'll tell you. I've heard 
of Aunt R — she's coming to see us.' 

"She dropped the child and set off with him. 

" 'Who told you, where is she? How did you 
hear?' 

" 'I heard it from a traveling man. She will 
soon be here.' 

"After she got over the first surprise, he said he 
expected me there that day and that he would not be 
surprised if I got there that day. When he reached 
home, finding she bore it pretty well, he told her I 
was in town, and that he had seen me, and she must 
rig up a little while he went for me. All this he re- 
lated afterward. While he was preparing my mother 
William, the single one, called on me, but was much 
embarrassed. He was a handsome, small man but 
very diffident. 



200 ANNE ROYALL 

"Patrick soon called again, and I was not many- 
minutes in reaching the house. The first object I 
saw as I stept in at the door was my mother sitting 
composedly in a chair. The minute I was fairly in 
the house the dear old woman sprang with the rapidity 
of lightning and caught me in her arms! The first 
words I could distinguish were, 'Well, never, never 
did I expect to see you again!' These were the only 
words I could clearly distinguish while I was with 
her; her voice being so low and inarticulate that I 
could hardly understand her. Those accustomed to 
her understood her very well; and the family had to 
interpret most of what she said. She was quite serene. 
All her joy seemed to be mental. I now saluted Mrs. 
Patrick Cowan, a sweet, pretty, delicate woman whom 
I had never seen before. The children were the hand- 
somest creatures I ever laid my eyes on. I think they 
had seven, but to this day I do not know the names 
of half my nephews and nieces. ' ' 

We catch a glimpse of Anne Royall's silent brav- 
ery about her own troubles : 

"I had met with a sad reverse of fortune since 
I saw my mother, which subject she introduced. But 
it is one upon which I have never been able to con- 
verse and she dropped it. 

''My mother is a low, light woman, and once, the 
handsomest of her day, though, like myself, under- 
sized. She is now considerably bent, her features 
have grown longer, and she is much burned with the 
climate. But her eye (and such an eye!) was as 
brilliant as ever, and she could see to read the smallest 
print without glasses. 

' ' She had been subject to what is called the shak- 
ing palsy for many years, which I shall always attri- 
bute to the immoderate use of strong coffee, and though 
it has greatly increased and perhaps affected her 
voice, her mental powers, contrary to the common 



ANNE ROY ALL 201 

effects of old age, had become stronger to an aston- 
ishing degree — far beyond what she was at any- 
time I knew her. Her remarks had so much point 
that I shook from head to foot with amazement. 
She appeared to be supernatural. This is the only 
instance I ever heard of the same nature. 

"She is never sick, but has devoted so much of 
her time to the afflicted, that her knowledge of medi- 
cine is said to be consulted before any physician 
wherever she is known. I had heard this but treated 
it as a farce. But after seeing her I would believe 
anything. She was always reckoned sensible but she 
is far beyond that now. She shakes so violently that 
she is compelled to drink through a tube. Yet she 
is active, eats hearty, and can outride most females 
on horseback. 

' ' Poor old woman ! after experiencing every vicis- 
situde of fortune she has the pleasure of seeing her 
family respectable, wealthy and flourishing, and finds 
a most comfortable asylum in its bosom. I was charm- 
ed with the affectionate manner of Mr. and ]\Irs. 
Cowan toward her; and Patrick is indeed the most 
affectionate and tender-hearted man in the world. It 
was with the most heartfelt pleasure I saw him taking 
wine to a poor sick stranger, and devoting his whole 
time to those in distress ; sitting up nights with them, 
nursing total strangers with the care and tenderness 
of a parent. I soon found that what I took for cold- 
ness was only embarrassment. 

* ' Two days was all I could spend with my mother 
as William was obliged to return on urgent business. ' ' 

This visit to the West strengthened, if possible, 
Mrs. Royall's affection for that part of the country. 
She writes: 

"As to soil and water, Indiana and Illinois are 
worth the whole United States. Not an inch of ground 
that I have seen in either state but can be cultivated. ' ' 



202 ANNE ROYALL 

Cincinnati, though, she found "a den of thieving- 
missionaries — a spot where Anti-Masonry and money- 
religion have done their worst. It is a fair Sodom."" 

A few righteous, however, Mrs. Royall found in 
the city — the party of Masons who received her — 
Judge Burke, Mr. Langdon, Mr. Henry and Mr. T. 
Flint. She writes : 

' ' I never longed to see even my mother more than 
I did Mr. Flint, whose fame has placed him far beyond 
my feeble pen. He is well known to rank among the 
first men of the age. As a gentleman and fine writer 
— as a man of strong mind, deep conception, classical 
elegance, and inventive powers, he is second to no 
American writer. His teeming mind dresses his lively 
ideas with a magic sweetness which never fails to 
charm ; nor are we less pleased with his spirghtly wit 
and descriptive powers. As I anticipated, this ami- 
able man, the proud leader of our literary band, had 
to drop his Review for want of support. Oh, shame 
to the 'Queen of the West.' " ^ 

At Shelbyville, Indiana, Mrs. Royall was hand- 
somely entertained by Captain Walker, who, she says, 
was the son of the first settler of Indiana: 

"He and the celebrated Daniel Boone came in 
company to hunt in the (now) state of Indiana, and 
Captain Walker, when a boy, used to keep camp for 
them." 

In her journal Mrs. Royall makes many reflective 
remarks upon the superiority of Western character: 

"One thing is peculiar to the Western country, 
which is a native and inbred sense of honor. 

"In the Western states, thank heaven, we have 
some virtue and freedom of thought. 

"Refinement is moving her empire to the West."' 



ANNE ROYALL 203 

She pays tribute to one of Ohio 's greatest sons : 

"To my great joy I met with some dear friends 
whose happiness is never forgotten in my prayers to 
heaven, Judge McClean and lady, both looking well. 
He, majestic, mild and dignified, she the admired of 
all. Would she not adorn the White House? Per- 
haps she may yet. 

"They were making a tour through the upper 
Mississippi country. But the best news of all is that 
Judge McClean remembers the poor in his absence 
and left particular instructions with his agents for 
the benefit of the sick and destitute. This is true 
gospel. ]\Iay heaven reward him for the Godlike act. ' ' 

"N. B. Markle, of Terre Haute, is one of our 
own boys in the West. Terre Haute is the garden- 
spot of Indiana for intelligence, wit and refinement." 

Later in her editorial capacity, Mrs. Royall con- 
stituted herself into a sort of advisory paternal gov- 
ernment for the West: 

In The Huntress, she says : 

"It appears Hon. W. C. Johnson gets on slowly 
with his bill for the relief of the indebted states. 

' ' For our life, we cannot see why those rich mines 
in Illinois, for instance, cannot be allowed to be farm- 
ed out to pay its debts. It is a hard case for a sover- 
eign state, no matter how she incurred the misfortune, 
to endure the odium, not to say distress, of a heavy 
debt hanging over her while she possesses within her 
borders so rich a treasure. We should say it was 
'unconstitutional. ' And as for those two saucy young 
ladies. Miss Wisconsin and Miss Iowa, who are rolling 
in wealth, and expect to be married to Uncle Sam 
shortly, they should contribute to the wants of their 
elder sister." 

More than any other river on this planet, not 
excepting the Nile, the Rhine or the historic Tiber, 



204 ANNE ROYALL 

the mighty Mississippi has influenced the imagination 
of mankind. English and French poets have apos- 
trophized it in flowing, alliterative verse; German 
philosophers have used it as a figurative boundary- 
mark of thought; artists have brooded over it; to 
historians its blood-tinged waters have inspired elo- 
quence ; the novelist has made the great river and the 
savage race that once roamed its banks his own; to 
commerce it has proved a stream of gold and, last but 
by no means least, the phrase employed in its early 
navigation, "mark twain," has become a household , 
joy in every civilized nation through its connection 
with the world's best-loved humorist, Samuel L. 
Clemens. M 

The banks of the wonderful river were compara- 
tively lonely when Anne Royall first steamed north- 
ward upon it. She felt its mystery and charm as she 
seldom felt the poetry of natural beauty: 

"The scenery on this part of the Mississippi 
River is said to be flat. It may appear so to those 
who see it every day, but a first view is very interest- 
ing. The mighty river, itself, is an object of deep 
interest and untiring beauty, and always sublime. Its 
serpentine figure renders it always beautiful. The 
points of land caused by its windings which are seen 
far ahead, assume every figure and every shade, ris- 
ing one above another. Some of them appear like 
green towers ; some like solid green walls. These again 
are variegated by sudden changes in the growth, from 
cotton trees to willows and from the willow to the 
cedar tree. The numerous islands, bayous and fields 
of dark green corn on the shores, stocked with droves 
of sleek black and white cattle, the trees enveloped in 
a green vine forming every kind of figure out of the 



ANNE ROYALL 205 

twigs — some into goblets, some wreaths and fringe- 
tufts, and some actually resemble a hand with green 
gloves on. This vine produces a rich red flower as 
large as one's fist. The person must lack taste in- 
deed who would not be pleased with this scenery. ' ' 

The sandbars appear above Memphis. Their 
principal beauty arises from their uninterrupted 
smoothness and their soft, nankeen color. They 
stretch up and down the stream in sword points. The 
banks above Memphis are lined with the green rush 
called scrubbing grass. Tons of this might be gath- 
ered. It adds much to the beauty of the country. 
When she reaches the steeper banks crowned by 

I mighty sycamores, Mrs. Royall is enraptured. But 
with her, poetical feeling never long crowds out prac- 

i tical possibilities. 

I "Above any other part of the world, the people 

of the Western states are indebted to Fulton. They 
would never have been distinguished from the vegeta- 
bles of their soil w^ere it not for his invention." 

It was like her, too, to return to Washington and 
work, the rest of her life for the improvements which 
would aid navigation of the river that had so deeply 
moved her wonder and admiration. 

In three columns of The Huntress, August 7, 
1847, she scores Thomas H. Benton for arguing against 
a grant of money to improve the Mississippi river 
and the harbors of the western lakes. Benton claim- 
ed that the government should give aid only to na- 
tional and not to ' ' local improvements. ' ' At the same 
time, perhaps to soften his refusal of money, he de- 



206 ANNE ROYALL 

livers a glowing panegyric on the ' ' great West. ' ' Mrs. ^ 
Royall falls afoul of his speech. 

"Wonder if there is a small West," she sniffs 
contemptuously. "Colonel Benton has swapped some 
of his ' I 's ' for ' Me 's. ' Who would have believed that 
after admitting all this greatness of the West that the 
Senator would come out pointedly against any resort 
to Congress or the Treasury. We understand the 
gentleman. As chief of the Demagogues, he wants 
all the money in the treasury, both the trust funds 
and revenue, to aid a certain gentleman to reach the 
Presidency, as we shall show anon — all ' National. ' ' ' 

Mrs. Royal goes on to give the following statis- 
tics concerning the receipts at New Orleans from the 
upper country for the year 1846 : 

"Total 77 millions of dollars. 

' ' Steamboats employed for the trade of St. Louis, 
251. 

"Whole number on Western rivers, nearly 1,200, 
valued at 16 millions, to which are to be added 4,000 
keel and flat boats. 

"Annual cost of transportation, 41 millions. 

"Value of the whole commerce afloat, 430 mil- 
lions, being double the amount of the whole foreign 
commerce of the United States.'^ M 

"I would be glad to learn," comments Mrs. Royal 
"whether a country yielding an annual treasure to 
the amoimt stated above comes under 'local' or 'na- 
tional' subjects? Whether this portion of country 
comprising thirteen large states and a large portion 
of Pennsylvania, Virginia and New York is not as 
bona fide a part of the United States, aa fully and 
truly, as the Atlantic states where millions of dollars 
have been expended on rivers and harbors? What is 
it that gives the Atlantic states the right to draw 



1 



ANNE ROYALL 207 

money from the treasury that the Western states do 

not possess ? 

"In both cases applications are made to Govern- 
ment — for what ? Why, to protect human life and 
property. The Atlantic states received it, the West- 
ern states do not. Why not ? Because Senator Ben- 
ton, Ex-Attorney Butler and a few scores of others 
say it would be unnational, ungenerous and every oth- 
er 'un' in the English language. 

' ' The West is refused redress on the ground that 
'objects of general national importance can alone 
claim the aid of the Federal government ! ' Why ? 
Because Col. Benton says so. Does he call rivers 
thousands of miles in length, and their tributaries, 
local or sectional? The lake harbors are places of 
shelter for vessels to discharge their cargoes and are 
necessarily connected with commerce connected with 
the whole country. Does the gentleman mean to in- 
sinuate that the 'Great West' is not a part of the 
Union ? 

"Can Col. Benton of Missouri have the face to 
injure, or attempt to injure, a country that has shel- 
tered and honored him, as no other ever did 1 To use 
his own words, he 'ought to be viewed with scorn.' 
He, a man who has all his life been searching every 
nook and cranny for a Presidency!" 

Over and over again in her papers, Mrs. Royall 
hammers at this subject: 

" It is as clear as day that the protection of navi- 
gation extends to the Western lakes and rivers. Navi- 
gation is navigation or it is not. If it be navigation, 
then it is entitled to the protection of the U. S." 

So anxious was the editor of The Huntress to see 
the Western rivers and lakes made wholly navigable 
that she even invents, on paper, a machine for re- 



208 ANNE ROYALL 

moving snags, derelicts and other obstacles. In answ- 
er to various objections, urged by Congress, she ex- 
claims : 

"A fiddlestick's end! Import a ton of best steel, 
get one of your ENGINEERS, or a common Black- 
smith, and tell them to make an instrument something 
in the form of a harpoon, or something that will ' hold 
on.' Next, get the strongest cable you can find, 
fasten it to one of your strongest steambo?*ts, and when 
the sawyer pops up its head, seize it, put on plenty 
of steam, and pull away for life. 

"Next pass a law to send every Captain or pilot 
to the penitentiary for the longest possible term who 
takes command of any steamboat unsound in wood, 
iron, eastings or sails, or who sails at night without 
lights and bells. Every boat should have a thun- 
dering big bell and keep it ringing every dark night 
until daylight." 

Significant testimony to the value of the stern 
training of youth in our country's earlier days is 
found in the fact that it was not unusual for several 
members of the same family to rise to distinction — 
the Bayards, Hoars, the Websters, the Lincolns, the 
Chandlers, the Washburns, the Dodges — and others 
— a long roll-call. 

Of those remarkable men, Henry Dodge, of Wis- 
consin, and his son Augustus Caesar Dodge of Iowa, 
Mrs. Royall writes: 

"There are two of the Dodges in Congress, father 
and son, the only instance, we believe, on record. 
They and the family of Senator Linn are nearly al- 
lied and are from the extreme West, where they have 
lived and hunted the wild man, the deer and the 



ANNE ROYALL 209 

buffalo, and raised large families of children, and 
although old and young have been reared in the forest 
shades, remote from those schools and seminaries of 
refinement, which abound in the Atlantic states — 
yet it will be acknowledged by all who have the pleas- 
ure of their acquaintance, that few of the families 
that visit Washington can vie with them in pleasing 
manners, taste or accomplishments. Above all, they 
have that high-minded generosity which is character- 
istic of the Western people. These three families 
form a paradise among themselves and impart com- 
fort to all around them. 

' ' Gen, Henry Dodge is the brave man who brought 
the protracted Black Hawk war to a speedy conclusion, 
which saved the country some thousands of dollars. 
He was the principal leader in promoting the wealth 
and present prosperity of Wisconsin. He was born 
in the West and has always lived in the West. His 
son, Hon. Augustus Dodge, did the same by Iowa. 
This noble scion of the true Western blood is inde- 
pendent, generous, high-minded and will yield to no 
man or party of the Atlantic states in appearance or 
principle. We have known both father and son up- 
i wards of seventeen years and have never known nor 
heard of spot or blemish laid to their charge. ' ' 

Mr. Schoolcraft, the great scholar who devoted 
his life to a study of the Indians, was much admired 
by Mrs. Royall : 

"Mr. S. is advanced in years, rather more than 
middle age, with a tall, stout, comely figure, and a 
still quiet countenance, as innocent as the sleeping 
babe. His fine, manly face is round and placid, be- 
speaking humility and erudition, while his mild, mod- 
est blue eye drops with human kindness. What a 
capacious mind the man must have ! ' ' 



210 ANNE ROYALL 

July 25, 1835, Mrs. Eoyall writes editorially: 

"Every true patriot must rejoice at the indepen- 
dence of the people of Michigan in forming their state 
constitution. The noblest feature of their constitu- 
tion is that 'no religious test shall be required of any 
man who may be a candidate for office.' 

"We are proud to see the head of the Mississippi 
Valley take this bold stand. The Valley is now the 
only asylum for freedom in the true sense of the 
word, in the U. S." 

Mrs. Royall was quite willing that Oregon should 
be settled but she had no faith in some of the pro- 
moters of that project — they were "too pious to be 
honest," in her estimation. The caste which was 
beginning to creep into the army also offended her: 

" 'Oregon.' Our opinion is that it is altogether 
a humbug, and will turn out to be a byway to the 
Treasury, for the same reason, viz., those who favor 
settling it are but little concerned for the real good 
of their country. 

" 'A standing army for Oregon?' It will take 
millions to find them in silk stockings, kid gloves and 
champagne, not to mention carriages and oyster sup- 
pers." 

Again, in more serious vein, she writes : wjjm 

"We are gratified to find that Congress begins t^ 
understand the vehemence with which this question 
is pressed upon the government, and that some mem- 
bers have a knowledge of the sterility of that distant 
territory. Not that our Government ought to sur- 
render one inch of it to any power on earth provided' 
the title is good. But to plunge hap-hazard into a : 
war until the true state of the case is ascertained and 
every amicable measure to adjust the question fails i 
is madness." 



■J 



ANNE ROYALL 211 

Speaking of Edward Gilbert, a delegate from 
the new province of California, Mrs. Royall wrote 
indignantly : 

"It is with much regret, we might say grief, that 
we witness the protracted course of Congress in re- 
gard to admitting California into the Union, upon 
any terms and trust to Providence for consequences, 
or relinquish their claim to the settlers and let them 
do the best they can. It is hard to keep these worthy 
delegates [John C. Fremont, Edward Gilbert, Wil- 
liam M. Gwin, George W. Wright] as Senators and 
Representatives waiting here so long in suspense, 
while their adopted country, the richest in the world, 
is suffering from every species of misfortune and 
crime for the want of established laws." 

Anne Royall never ceased to exult that she had 
lived to see the frontier reach the Pacific. 



^ CHAPTER XIII 

Old Age 

Of the hope deferred that maketh the heart sick, 
Anne Royall and her faithful Sally suffered their 
full share. Before every session of Congress for a 
quarter of a century, Mrs. Royall laid a petition for 
a pension based on the services of her husband, Cap- 
tain William Royall, in the war of the American 
Revolution. Until old age caused her hand to trem- 
ble so that she could not prepare a page which seemed 
to her neat enough to lay before their honors, Mrs. 
Royall wrote the petitions, Sally carried them to the 
Capitol and, almost up to the time of his death, John 
Quincy Adams presented them and used all his influ- 
ence with committees to secure favorable action there- 
on. 

In time, Mrs. Royall 's claim became a joke in 
Congress — sometimes a cruel joke. One day, a north- 
ern member, meeting her in a corridor, exclaimed cor- 
dially: "Ah, I am glad I met you, Mrs. Royall, Hon- 
orable Mr. S. wants to see you. He is in room 6." 
Instantly elated, the old lady hurried to the com- 
mittee room only to find Honorable Mr. S. fast asleep 
and snoring on a sofa. 

In other ways, "well-fed and better-vianded'* 
Congressmen made merry at old Mrs. Royall 's ex- 
pense. Once somebody nominated her for Public i 



ANNE ROYALL 213 

Printer — a jest which tickled the legislative sense 
of humor immensely. After awhile she became the 
"Miss Flite" of the Capitol. The personal inter- 
views she sought were numberless, the letters she wrote 
regarding her perfectly just and legitimate claim 
would fill a good-sized volume. In 1839 she wrote 
to Adams: 

''Washington, D. C. 

..XT T n ^A "Sept. 20th, 1839. 

, "Hon. J. Q. Adams, 

"Most Valued Friend, 
j "Once more I trouble you with a petition to 

Congress. To you who have known me since the first 
week I came to this city, it must be painful to see 
my unsuccessful but unwearying struggles to obtain 
my money from Congress, whilst millions of dollars, 
' session after session, are appropriated to objects of 
doubtful utility. 

' ' I have the honor to be sir, 

'Your grateful friend, 

"Anne Roy all. 
N. B. I should be happy, if convenient to 
you, sir, to let the petition be the first offered this 
morning. ' ' 

In that pathetic postscript were condensed the 
hopes and disappointments, the privations and the 
i needs of many long, hard years. Among the objects 
[of "doubtful utility" which irritated Mrs. Royall, 
waiting in vain for the payment of a debt which the 
government certainly owed her husband, was the re- 
ipeated removal of the Greenough statue of Wash- 
ington in and out and all aroiuid the Capitol before 
it was at last placed at the east front. She writes : 

"The thousands of dollars which have been spent 
in carting that statue around would have supported 



( ( ' 



214 ANNE ROYALL 

an aged revolutionary widow in comfort for the re- 
mainder of her life." 

This statue, which seems always to have been 
something of a white elephant on the hands of the 
government is finally, in 1908, to be permanently 
retired. 

The excuses of legislators for not getting pension 
bills on the calendar were also hard for the two pov- 
erty-stricken women to bear : ' ' They won 't have time 
they fear to get a pension bill through this session. 
The mischief they won't. They have done nothing. 
What have they done? Nothing but to put through 
one bill voting extra pay for themselves. They never 
will have time while they continue talking and never 
acting." 

In her efforts to obtain a pension everything 
worked against Mrs. Royall from the first. The offi- 
cial records of her husband's military services, pre- 
served in the court-house at Riclrmond, were lost in 
the great Richmond fire. Testimony, however, that 
Royall did serve in the army as claimed by his widow 
came in abundance from his junior fellow-officers, 
from judges, governors, congressmen, and from Lafa- 
yette, under whom Royall served. But the fact that 
certain papers tied with red tape were missing was 
enough to serve Mrs. Royall 's enemies. Church and 
State men and Anti-Masons whom she had flayed were 
not slow in pointing out to their senators and repre- 
sentatives that there was, extant, no official record of 
William Royall's military services. To legislators 
whose fences were weak this hint was enough. They 



V 



ANNE ROYALL 215 

knew how to vote when Mrs. Royall's pension bill 
came up. 

Furthermore, Mrs. Royall was not married until 
1797. By the statute of limitations pensions could be 
granted only to widows married before 1794. A less 
powerful advocate, too, than John Quincy Adams 
would have better served her interest. Any measure, 
no matter how trivial, introduced by Adams was sure 
to be do\\Tied by the Jackson men. Small wonder, 
then, in view of all handicaps, that the Index to Pub- 
lic Documents (bulkiest and saddest of volumes) 
should contain nearly a full page of bills under Mrs. 
Royall's name each marked, "Adversely Reported." 

Two points, however, are most significant in ev- 
ery one of these official reports: First, that the val- 
idity of Mrs. Royall's marriage is accepted; second, 
the admission that William Royall did serve in the 
Virginia continental line as claimed. The following 
report of a committee is a fair reproduction, so far 
as these two vital points are concerned, of nearly 
every report made upon Mrs. Royall's pension. The 
italics are the biographer's: 

"27th Congress Rep. No. 796 450 

"2nd Session H. of Reps. 

"Widow of Captain William Royall, deceased. 

"To accompany Bill H. R. No. 450, IMay 26, 1842. 

"Mr. Fornance, of the Committee on Revolution- 
ary Pensions, submitted the following: 

"The Committee on Revolutionary Pensions to 
whom was referred the petition of Anne Royall report : 

"That the Committee have carefully examined the 
claim of the petitioner, who is the widow of Major 
William Royall, an officer in the army of the Ameri- 



216 ANNE ROYALL 

can Revolution. This claim with all the evidence and 
papers, has been before Congress for some years, and 
has been reported adversely several times. At the 
26th Congress, Mr. Bond, from the Committee on 
Revolutionary Pensions, reported that the ^evidence 
submitted fully establishes the alleged service of the 
said William Royall, and it is satisfactorily proved 
that the petitioner is his widow.' 

' ' The marriage, however, was not solemnized until 
the month of November, 1797, and consequently is not 
embraced within the provisions of the present pension 
laws, which do not include cases of marriage after 
1794. The Committee deem it inexpedient to extend 
the provisions of the law thus referred to, and there- 
fore, report against the prayer of the petitioner. 

"Notwithstanding these adverse reports, however, 
the fact has ever been admitted that William Royall 
served as Captain in the Revolutionary ivar, suffering 
many privations without compensation ; That the pe- 
titioner was married to him previous to the year 1798, 
and that she is now his widow. As many applica- 
tions have been made to extend the pension laws with 
reference to widows who married previous to 1798, 
this Committee, for the purpose of obtaining the opin- 
ion of the House, report a bill granting to Anne 
Royall a half-pay pension for ten years." 

Great was the joy of the two poor women over 
this favorable report. Castles in the air rose at once. 
Sally should see Niagara Falls — her favorite dream. 
Mrs. Royall, for the first time since her earliest widow- 
hood, would buy an entirely new suit. Sally insisted 
on that expenditure. The small boys who helped 
about the printing-press were promised a half holiday 
at the theater. Debts were to be paid and new ones 
were never to be contracted. Maintenance for old age 
was assured — a country home possible. No more 



n 



ANNE ROYALL ' 217 

fear of the poor-house when their busy fingers could 
no longer work. 

But all this rejoicing was premature. The bill 
failed. Mrs. Royall's dismay overflowed into the col- 
umns of The Huntress. Speaking editorially, she 
says: 

' ' Poor Sally ! Her disappointment pierced my 
heart. Her face fell and she burst into tears. We 
do not mind so much for ourselves. We are used to 
privation and can live on bread and water if need 
be. Whatever happens, our paper shall not stop." 

In 1848, when Mrs. Royall was in her eightieth 
year, a law was passed granting pensions to widows 
of Revolutionary soldiers married after 1794. Under 
this act Mrs. Royall was entitled to ten years back 
pay which would have given her an annual pension 
of $480. Very foolishly, however, she chose to accept, 
in lieu of the pension, a lump sum of full pay for 
five years. By the provisions of the bill, as finally 
amended, other legal heirs were allowed to share the 
money equally with the widow of the Revolutionary 
soldier. The result was that Mrs. Royall was no bet- 
ter off after she received the money from the govern- 
ment than she was before. She says: 

"The heirs at law took half our commutation 
money and every dollar of the remainder we owed to 
those who had trusted us (the dear people) . We kept 
three dollars and Sally got seven out of the $1,200." 

The main debt was for her printing-press — a 
larger, second-hand one lately installed. She also owed 
for printing-paper and type. 

The winter that followed was a bitter one in 
Washington. Snow fell frequently and the cold was 



218 ANNE ROYALL 

unprecedented. Mrs. Royall apologizes for the ap- 
pearance of one issue of The Huntress : 

' ' Our paper has looked bad — worse than ever 
since March set in owing to the intensity of the 
weather which has been the coldest and the longest 
in duration which we have ever experienced — and we 
have felt it keenly — since our recollection. The office 
of The Huntress is the poorest apology for a house 
that ever a paper was worked off in, being little better 
than the open air. The present snow was as deep in 
the press-room almost as in the open field. This, and 
the vilest paper — so thin that it would not bear its 
own weight when wet, to say nothing of its freezing 
on the form which we were obliged to heat with 
hot bricks, and hang old quilts around the gaping 
walls — with our old type and none but little boys 
to help print, it's a wonder we get on at all." 

At this juncture that good man, Mr. Gales of the 
Intelligencer came to old Mrs. Royall's rescue. Mr. 
Gales, unlike some other big men, bore no grudge 
against the old lady for her former attacks upon him- 
self or his policy. He gave orders to his foreman to 
supply the struggling octogenarian with all the paper 
she wanted, at any time she wanted it, free of cost. 
Meeting her in the street one day when the weather 
was freezing, Mr. Gales slipped a five dollar bill into 
Mrs. Royall's hand and told her to buy herself a pair 
of warm shoes with it. 

"It was the very last bill in Mr. Gales 's pocket- 
book, too," she writes, gratefully. 

By the advice of a lawyer, Mrs. Royall was soon 
again before Congress asking for the payment of the 
interest on the debt due her husband. But Congres- 
sional patience was at an end. Her petition received 



ANNE ROYALL 219 

no attention. Poverty pressed her hard. During 
these closing years of her life Mrs. Royall was often 
forced to beg. But she never felt that she was beg- 
ging. She believed that her little newspaper, offered 
in exchange, was a fair equivalent for what she re- 
ceived. Also, she felt that a soldier's widow was 
entitled to a living. She was of too independent a 
nature to beg gracefully. When Amos Kendall sent 
her a load of wood she told him he ought to have sent 
her a cord. She meant, she explains, that he, as a 
servant of the government, had received large fees 
for a long period of years while she, the widow of a 
man who had helped build that government, was treat- 
ed in a niggardly manner. 

The Masons, the Unitarians, the Catholics, and 
the Hebrews in Washington were still kind to old Mrs. 
Royall. Actors, too, were her friends, notably. Man- 
ager Jefferson, father of that kindest-hearted of ac- 
tors, Joseph Jefferson. Upon one occasion, though, 
Mr. Jefferson was unable to carry out her wishes. 
He had accepted a play she wrote but was unable, be- 
cause of adverse local sentiment against her, to pro- 
duce it. 

The first presentation of the play was advertised 
to take place in a theater. Tickets sold briskly and, 
at the time appointed, a good-sized audience had gath- 
ered at the door. But the theater was dark. An 
agent appeared and informed the waiting crowd that 
no performance would take place, and that money 
already paid for tickets would be refunded next day. 
Mrs. Royall and her friends were thunder-struck. But 
the mystery was soon explained. Ecclesiastical and 



220 ANNE ROYALL 

Anti-Masonic influences brought to bear on the owner 
of the building had induced him to forbid the produc- 
tion therein of any play written by that "old infidel, 
Anne Royall." 

The Masons, however, came forward and took 
the matter up, offering Mrs. Royall the use of their 
hall. Unluckily, the night of her benefit proved very 
stormy and receipts were small in consequence. The 
play is lost but the Prospectus has been preserved : 

"MASONIC HALL 

"GREAT ATTRACTION, POSITIVELY THE 

LAST NIGHT OF THE CABINET, OR 

LARGE PARTIES IN WASHINGTON. 

' ' For the benefit of the Poor 

"Thursday evening, March 21, 

"Will be presented (by desire) and positively for the 

last time, the Comedy in three acts written by 

MRS. ANNE ROYALL entitled 'The Cabinet 

or Large Parties in Washington. ' 

"CAST 

Williams Mr. Gibson 

Jedidiah Ploughshare Alexander 

Paperkite Hamilton 

Dennis Hoburg 

Famish Gibson 

Parson Sneak Marll 

Mrs. Foolscap Vurkhard 

Legible A. A. Alexander 

Furnish Smith 

Miss Davis Grouard 

"Ladies and gentlemen. Police Officers. 

"Previous to which the farce of 'Fortune's Fro- 
lics.' 

"Recitation. 

"For Characters see small bills. 



ANNE ROYALL 221 

"Tickets reduced to twenty-five cents to be had 
at Alexander's and at Blackwell's, Congress Hall, also 
at the door on the evening of the Performance. 
Doors open at half past six. Performance to com- 
mence at half past seven." 

It was unfortunate for Mrs. Royall's posthiunous 
reputation that, along toward the close of her life, 
special correspondents began pouring into Washing- 
ton. The fimny little old woman, trotting through 
the corridors of the Capitol, waylaying congressmen, 
made amusing "copy" when news was scarce. Anne 
Royall's bitterly poor old age has contributed a face- 
tious paragraph to nearly every book that has been 
written about early Washington. The tradition of 
her trial as a common scold gave the key-note. Her 
quick tongue did the rest. Anne Royall was probably 
one of the first persons in the United States to whom 
the term "crank" was applied. John Quincy Adams's 
entertaining description of her as "a virago errant 
in enchanted armor" was gleefully quoted in spite of 
the well-known fact that John Quincy Adams could 
never, even in state papers, restrain his pen from 
turning a clever phrase. Moreover, at the date of 
that utterance Adams was catering to the Anti-Ma- 
sons for votes. As a matter of fact, Adams really 
liked and respected the courageous woman. 

But Amos Kendall, Prince of American diplo- 
mats, did not like Anne Royall. More than once, in 
her newspapers, Mrs. Royall exposed plans which the 
"brains" of the Jackson administration — Blair and 
Kendall — wished kept secret. No ferret was ever 
keener after rats than Mrs. Royall on the scent of 



222 ANNE ROY ALL 

political plots. In later life, too, Mr, Kendall became 
affiliated with the Evangelical element in Washington 
which regarded the author of the Black Books with 
horror. Of Amos Kendall, Harriet Martinean, in her 
Retrospect of Western Travel, writes: 

"He is supposed to be the moving spring of the 
whole administration — the thinker, planner and doer ; 
but it is all in the dark. Documents are issued of an 
excellence which prevents their being attributed to 
the persons who take the responsibility of them; a 
correspondence is kept up all over the country for 
which no one seems answerable; work is done of 
goblin extent and goblin speed, which makes men 
wonder ; and the invisible Amos Kendall has the credit 
of it all." 

In his power to choose just the right word to 
create prejudice without much departing from facts 
in a description, Amos Kendall is without a paralell 
in American literature. This remarkable gift (and 
Kendall almost ranks here with Swift and Maehievelli) 
made him an enormous power in politics for many 
years. Kendall's paragraph about Anne Royall is 
somewhat characteristic of his style : 

"There was living in Washington at that time, a 
singular woman named Anne Royall, the widow of 
Captain Royall, of the United States Army. She was 
homely in person, careless in dress, poor in purse and 
vulgar in manners. But she had a tolerable educa- 
tion, much shrewdness, and respectable talents. She 
procured her subsistence by publishing books in which 
she praised extravagantly those who bought her books 
or gave her money, and abused without measure those 
who refused or in any way incurred her displeasure. 



ANNE ROYALL 223 

Some, through love of flattery, and more through fear 
of abuse, contributed to her support. She owned and 
edited two small papers, Paul Pry and The Huntress. ' ' 

Many of the assertions in that picture are true. 
Yet, by adroit use of terms like "singular," "vulgar 
manner," "tolerable," "shrewdness," "incurred her 
displeasure, " " gave her money, " " contributed to her 
support," etc. — by putting those terms just as they 
are put an unkind and unfair impression is conveyed. 
Mrs. Roy all was not "homely in person," neither was 
she ever "careless in dress" in the sense of not being 
perfectly neat. The impression is given that abuse 
for incurring "her displeasure" was a purely person- 
al revenge for a personal insult. There is no word 
of her attitude toward Anti-Masonry and hell-fire 
theology — the two causes of her bitterest invective. 
It may also be noted that Mr. Kendall passes very 
lightly over the agencies which, whether she was loved 
or hated, made Anne Royall a power throughout the 
country for many years — her small but vigorous 
newspapers. Amos Kendall was a great man and a 
good man — a man whose memory deserves, and re- 
ceives, reverence. But even a good and a great man 
may harbor a prejudice. That Mr. Kendall was 
prejudiced against Mrs. Royall is evident. 

In 1852 Mrs. Royall lost by death her oldest and, 
probably, her closest friend in "Washington, Father 
William Matthews, of Saint Patrick's Catholic church. 
She mourned him loyally. Only a few friends were 
left her now. 

In 1854, because of poverty and failing strength, 
she was obliged to contract The Huntress to the size 



224 ANNE ROYALL 

of a child's paper — four pages, six by eight inches. 
Few women eighty-five years of age could fill even so 
small a newspaper as well as Mrs. Royall filled hers. 
Fewer still, at so advanced an age, would have started 
out on a third journalistic venture with such resolute 
cheer. June 24, 1854, she says, editorially : 

' ' We issue today the first number of the new series 
of The Huntress, having put ourselves to much ex- 
pense in purchasing larger and more legible type, 
rules, etc. In our next number we shall have re-set 
our former advertisements, and shall issue the paper 
promptly every week. We tender our thanks to our 
friends for their support and shall strive to merit their 
approbation in future. We are getting strong and 
feel as blithe and gay as ever, and Sally is looking 
much better." 

The leading article of the first number is on "The 
National Era and the Riot at Boston." The editor 
quotes from the Boston Journal an account of the in- 
tense excitement in the Bay state over the attempt to 
remand the negro. Burns, to his owner Captain Suttle. 
Mrs. Royall reiterates that she does not object to the 
abolition of slavery but to the use that is made of the 
question of abolition which, she declares, is only a 
cloak for the Church and State party. -^ 

The second number of the new Huntress is also 
hopeful in tone. Mrs. Royall has just made a visit 
(her last, it proved to be) to the White House. Pres- 
ident Franklin Pierce is the subject of Anne Royall 's 
last pen-portrait : 

"For the first time since he has been President, 
we have had the pleasure of seeing the patriot and 
statesman, Franklin Pierce a few days ago. He look- 



ANNE ROYALL 225 

ed stout and healthy but rather pale. His counten- 
ance used to be gay and full of vivacity when he was 
a Senator in Congress several years ago, but now it 
wears a calm and dignified composure, tinctured with 
a pleasing melancholy. His fine blue eye is still bright 
while his deep, placid forehead clearly bespeaks the 
mind of the man who has won the admiration of his 
countrymen by his independence and strict political 
integrity. His soft and pleasing voice is attuned to 
melody itself, and his engaging manners readily cap- 
i tivate the beholder, though he rarely smiles. We 
could not refrain from dropping a tear when he spoke 
to us of his lady, after whose health we inquired. The 
sad bereavement she met with in the sudden loss of 
her only and beloved boy has shadowed the bright 
I walks which surround the Presidential IVIansion which 
' erst were beaming with sunshine and joy. We shall 
leave Franklin Pierce on his retirement from office 

■ with pleasing remembrances and feelings of regret." 

But the flickering physical strength of the aged 
! woman could not long keep up with her unwaning 

■ brain-energy. The summer of 1854 was intensely hot 
in Washington. July 2, Mrs. Royall issued the num- 
ber of The Huntress which (although she did not know 

j it) w^as to be her Valedictory. After analyzing the 
Kansas-Nebraska bill with all her old-time vigor of 
language, she expresses regret, in another column, that, 
because of illness she was unable to attend Dr. John 
Lord's historical lecture the night before. She does 
fairly well in tearing Mr. Lord's theology to pieces 
but evidently feels that she might be more destructive 
had she listened to his lecture. 

In the last editorial she ever wrote she says : 

"We trust in Heaven for three things: First, 
that Members may give us the means to pay for this 



226 ANNE ROYALL 

paper — perhaps three or four cents a Member — a 
few of them are behindhand in their subscriptions, but 
the fault is not theirs; it was owing to Sally's sick- 
ness. Others again, have paid us from two to six 
dollars. Our printer is a poor man. We have only 
thirty-one cents in the world, and for the first time 
since we have resided in this city — thirty-one years — 
we were unable to pay our last month's rent. Had 
not our landlord been one of the best of men we should 
have been stript by this time; but we shall get that 
from our humble friends. 

''Second, that Washington may escape that dread- 
ful scourge, the cholera. Our third prayer is (and 
these were Anne Roy all's last printed words) that the 
UNION OF THESE STATES MAY BE ETERN- 
AL." 

Quietly, almost painlessly, old Mrs. Royall died 
the first day of October, 1854. The world had run 
by her. Washington papers announced her death 
only by the following curt notice : 

"Yesterday morning, the first inst., Mrs. Anne 
Royall, at a very advanced age. Her fmieral will take 
place this afternoon at 3 o'clock from her late resi- 
dence on B St. and Capitol Hill, where her acquain- 
tances are respectfully invited to attend without fur- 
ther notice." 

Next day the Intelligencer contained two columns 
reviewing the life and works of ]\Iadame De Sevigne. 
Of the able American woman whose whole life's 
thought was given to her country's welfare not one 
word was spoken. 

In the Congressional cemetery, surrounded by the 
cenotaphs of many of the men who in life feared or 
courted her pen, almost within a stone's throw of the 



ANNE ROYALL 227 

great white dome toward which her heart-strings and 
her brain-fibers were ever turning — Anne Roy all, 
war-worn widow of a gallant officer of the American 
Revolution, lies forgotten in a sunken, unmarked 
grave. 



CHAPTER XIV 
Conclusion 

A man who reads everything that he can lay his 
hands on relating to the history of the United States, 
and who knows Mrs. Roy all's writings well, has said: 

"After all, when one studies the causes for which 
she stood one cannot help feeling that the old lady was 
about right on every question she tackled." 

There is much truth in that homely judgment. 
Summarized, the main causes for which Anne Royall 
fought were : 

Entire separation of Church and State, in letter 
and spirit. 

Exposure and punishment of corrupt officials. 

Sound money. 

Public schools, everywhere, wholly free from reli- 
gious bias or control. 

Freemasonry. 

Justice to the Indians. 

Liberal immigration laws. 

Transportation of Sunday mails. 

Internal improvements. 

Territorial expansion. 

Liberal appropriations for scientific investigation. 

Just tariff laws — no nullification. 

States' Rights in regard to the slavery question. 



ANNE ROY ALL 229 

The abolition of flogging in the Navy. 

Betterment of condition of wage-earners. 

Free thought, free speech and a free press. 

Good works instead of long prayers. 

How much this pioneer woman journalist really 
accomplished for any or for all these causes is a 
matter of secondary importance. The significant fact 
is that, for more than thirty years, Anne Royall was 
a Voice, a strident Voice, crying out for national right- 
eousness — at a time, too, when nearly all other Amer- 
ican women of the pen were uttering themselves in 
sentimental verse or milk and water prose. 

Mrs. Royall's manner of presenting her arguments 
against men, measures and institutions which, in her 
opinion, menaced Democracy was often abominably 
offensive. Anything more disagreeable than portions 
of the Black Book and some of the earlier numbers of 
Paul Pry it would be hard to find in print. Mrs. 
'Royall sadly lacked the training of the schools. Her 
mental faculties had been sharpened but they were 
never disciplined. She lacked mental poise and coher- 
enc3^ Her points were seldom logically arranged in a 
manner to secure an effective and convincing climax. 
There is an undue proportion of chaff to wheat in all 
her writings. But the wheat is there. Even now her 
diatribes concerning long dead issues hold a reader's 
attention. When those issues were alive and burning 
curiosity was widespread to see what the irrespressible 
Mrs. Royall would say next. 

Every legislator of her era who kept his ear to 
the ground knew that Mrs. Royall's influence was 
not to be despised. Public men, almost without ex- 



230 ANNE ROYALL 

ception, spoke her fair. Her books and papers reached 
every city, town and village m the United States. 
They were read alike by friend and by foe. They 
influenced that most important class in any age or 
country, the free-thinking minority of today which 
is sure to become the majority of tomorrow. 

Mrs. Royall lacked spiritual insight, calm judg- 
ment, culture, and the tact that comes from habitual 
association with the gently-bred. In many respects 
she was the child of her time — a period of national 
swagger in the United States, of unspeakably bad art 
and manners, of provincial thought and prejudice, of 
acrimonious discussion and disagreeably insistent, 
though deep and sincere, patriotism. The significant 
thing about Anne Royall — what makes her worth re- 
membering — is the fact that, though typical of her 
time she yet, both in her private and in her public life, 
often rose above the standards and practice of that 
time. 

In her private life, Anne Royall obeyed the pre- 
cepts of the Founder of that Christianity which she 
was accused of denying. She visited those who were 
sick and in prison; out of her scanty means, no less 
than in the days of her abundance, she fed the hungry 
and clothed the naked ; she gave shelter to the homeless 
widow and orphan and took the outcast Magdalen to 
her arms. 

The great natural law of Reform, using unafraid 
human souls as its agents, works ceaselessly, surely, 
relentlessly, throughout the ages. Every man or wo- 
man who makes even a small break in the crust of 
useless custom and harmful prejudice is a Reformer. 



ANNE ROYALL 231 

Anne Royall, in her day and generation, made many 
such breaches. The woman's courage was fine. Her 
aim was single — the preservation of that government 
which was a part of her very existence. Patriotism 
was the ruling passion of her life. A map of the 
United States filled the entire field of her mental 
vision. Born into the horrors of border warfare, Anne 
Eoyall witnessed three wars and anxiously scanned the 
black storm-clouds gathering for a fourth. The loyal, 
proud, and loving allegiance of a lifetime is expressed 
in her last yearning cry, *'I pray that the Union of 
these States may be eternal. ' ' 

The jeers of her enemies have pursued Anne 
Royall beyond the grave. Only one good word has 
been spoken for her by any modern writer. But that 
good word comes from a high source — from the ac- 
complished scholar to whom, while other librarians 
come and other librarians go, the beautiful great Li- 
brary of Congress on Capitol Hill in Washington will 
ever remain a fitting and deserved monument — 
AINSWORTH R. SPOFFORD. 

In a valuable article on Early Journalism in 
Washington, Dr. Spofford says of Mrs. Royall : 

"That she was regarded as a horrid creature by 
many is most true. But it is equally true that Anne 
Royall had many friends wherever she went, and that 
she was not without kindliness and even charity. The 
world 's judgment of erratic persons who become prom- 
inent in any age is apt to be severe, but a more impar- 
tial judgment holds in fair balance the good and the 
evil in human character, and refuses to condemn too 
harshly the struggling and industrious woman who, in 
a ruder age than ours, conquered adversity and ate 
her hard-earned bread in the sweat of her brow." 



Appendices 



Appendices 

The main purpose of the following concordance 
to Mrs. Royall's writings is to furnish a possible 
source of information to persons interested in the 
social, political, aesthetic, intellectual and moral de- 
velopment of life in the United States. No claim 
is made that this source is lofty. But Jansen in Ger- 
many, Green in England, and McMasters in the 
United States have proved conclusively that the tal- 
low-dip of the common man's experience is an histor- 
ical light not to be despised. A significant sign of 
the humanistic tendency of the present day is that 
the history most eagerly read deals almost wholly 
with the daily environment and the manner of living 
of the average multitude, and with the personalities 
of the men and women to whom that average multi- 
tude yielded more or less voluntary intellectual alle- 
giance. As a chronicler, Anne Royall possesses points 
valuable to the historian and student. She was a 
comprehensive observer. Nothing objective ever es- 
caped her forest-trained eye. She was honest. She 
had a man's liking for accurate information about the 
manner in which things were done and made. When- 
ever possible, she verified statements. She always 
went to headquarters for information. She delighted 
in the multiplication of buildings as the country grew. 



236 APPENDICES 

She loved to gather statistics. Hence her descriptions 
of places are trustworthy. 

As to her pen-portraits, they are usually correct 
as far as physical characteristics are concerned. 
"Whenever she makes an error, she apologizes therefor 
later, after this wise: "We owe the honorable Senator 
S. an apology for swapping his black eyes for blue 
ones in our last issue. The light in the Capitol was so 
poor that day that portraiture was unusually diffi- 
cult. ' ' Of spiritual values, however, Mrs. Royall was 
not always a competent appraiser, although her eth- 
ics were sound enough. Her rage against the pre- 
vailing theology of her day, her aggressive patriot- 
ism, her hatred of the Anti-Masons and the "mis- 
sionaries" often mar her judgment when she tries to 
sum up a character. To the historian, however, these 
faults on Mrs. Royall 's part are of small importance. 
What he cares about is the fact that she painted, ex- 
actly as she saw them, the leading personages of her 
time and the places that knew them. 

To the reader of the present age Mrs. Royall 's 
personal descriptions may seem florid. Compared 
with other similar productions of her o\\ti time, 
though, they are not over- effusive. Early nineteenth 
century English, both spoken and printed, was fervid. 
The day of Romanticism had not passed. The influ- 
ence of Walter Scott, Byron, Shelley, and Keats was 
still strong. Oratory, not sordid bread and butter 
facts, yet held its magic sway over the masses of gov- 
ernment-adoring United States citizens. Even in the 
home the English used was more stately and ornate 
than now. Little boys and girls had not yet been 



APPENDICES 237 

taught to answer their elders with the curt "yes" and 
"no" which shock a few survivors who remember 
the more courteous speech of olden time. Mrs. 
Royall's descriptions may flatter their subjects but 
they are never servile. 

That she acquired mannerisms, as she advanced 
in age, cannot be denied. Sometimes she explains her 
pet terms: "By 'Medicean figure,' we mean bodily 
contour resembling that of the Medicean Venus." 
"By 'Grecian face,' we mean wide at the top, taper- 
ing to the chin. But a friend recently informed us 
that the Grecian face is square. If so, we have more 
sins to answer for than we expected. But the models 
before us give the argument in our favor. ' ' 

As has been said, Mrs. Royall was usually ac- 
curate. To her printers, however, the same compli- 
ment cannot be paid. Their mistakes are legion. 
Quite frequently the front page of the Huntress bears 
one date and the second another. In such cases I 
have given in this appendix the correct date but seek- 
ers for portraits will do well to look at the date-head- 
ings carefully. 

This concordance is necessarily incomplete. A 
complete index would fill a large volume. Only the 
names of persons of more or less national importance 
are here given. Mrs. Royall's harsher delineations 
have also been omitted, although in the body of the 
book, in order to show her as she really was, one or 
two such unflattering portraitures are given without 
names. 

Where the author's spelling of proper names dif- 
fers from that of the Congressional Directory I have 



238 APPENDICES 

placed the latter form in brackets. Owing to impossi- 
bility of verijScation in some cases unavoidable errors 
may perhaps be found. Earnest and painstaking ef- 
fort has been made, however, to secure accuracy. 



i 



APPENDIX A 

A Partial Index to Pen-Portraits in Mrs. Roy- 

alVs Books 

Adams, Charles, Blade Book II, 123. 

Adams, Charles Francis, Black Book II, 123. 

Adams, Hannah, Sketches, 336. 

Adams, Pres. John, Sketches,' ^il ; Black Book II, 128. 

Adams, Pres. John Q., Sketches, 166; Black Book II, 126. 

Adams, Judge, Black Book II, 125. 

Andrews, Mr., Pennsylvania II, 81. 

Archer, William, Virginia, Black Book III, 127. 

Augustine, D., Southern Tour III, 74. 

Bailey, Ann, Sketches, 49. 

Baldwin, Henry, Pennsylvania II, 69. 

Bancroft, Dr., Worcester, Sketches, 306. 

Barnard, Mr., Pennsylvania, Black Book III, 115. 

Barron, Commodore, Black Book I, 257. 

Baylor, Kobert E., Alabama Letters, 226. 

Bell, Joseph, Black Book II, 373. 

Bennet, Editor, Black Book II, 8. 

Benton, Thomas H., Missouri, Black Book III, 112. 

Berrien, Mr., Georgia, Black Book III, 113. 

Biddle, John, Michigan, Alabama Letters, 232. 

Biddle, Nicholas, Philadelphia, Black Book I, 97. 

Blair, Francis P., Southern Tour II, 213. 

Blair, James, Alabama Letters, 226. 

Bockee, Abraham, Southern Tour II, 215. 

Bonaparte, Joseph, Black Book I, 17. 

Branch, John, Gov., North Carolina, Black Book III, 117. 

Broadhead, John, New Hampshire, Southern Tour II, 215. 

Brockenborough, Mr., artist, Black Book I, 153. ' 



240 APPENDICES 

Brown, Mr., artist, Black Book I, 91. 

Brown, Senator, North Carolina, Alabama Letters, 225, 

Brown, Moses, Soc. of Friends, Rhode Island, BlacJc Boole 

II, 93. 
Brown, Silas, Alabama Letters, 228. 
Brownell, Thomas C, Sketches, 295. 

Bryan, Mr., poet, Alexandria, Virginia, Black Book I, 141. 
Butler, Mr., editor, Pennsylvania II, 8. 
Butler, Gov., Vermont, Black Book III, 28. 
Burroughs, Rev., Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Black Booh 

II, 180. 
Byles, Miss, Boston, Sketches, 335. 

Cabell, Benj. W., Southern To^ir I, 41. 

Cabell, Dr. G., Southern Tour I, 106. 

Cabell, Dr. J., Southern Tour I, 107. 

Calhoun, John C, Sketches, 166. 

Carroll, Daniel, Black Book I, 139. 

Carroll, Wm. Thomas, Alabama Letters, 199. 

Cary, Mr., publisher, Philadelphia, Sketches, 229. 

Carson, Samuel P., Alabama Letters, 184. 

Chace, Miss Bertha, Black Book I, 305. 

Chamberlain, Dr., Vermont, Black Book III, 41. 

Chandler, Thomas, Maine, Black Book II, 115. 

Chapin, Rev. E. H., Portsmouth, N. H., Black Book II, 282, 

Chaplin, Morris W., Pennsylvania II, 173. 

Chase, Senator, Vermont, Alabama Letters, 177. 

Cilley, Mr., Exeter, New Hampshire, Black Book II, 70. 

Clagget, H. H., Alexandria, Virginia, Black Book I, 140; 

Black Book III, 122. 
Clap, A. W., Black Book II, 222. 
Clark, Gov., Kentucky, Alabama Letters, 181. 
Clay, C. C, Kentucky, Akibama Letters, 226. 
Clayton, Senator, Delaware, Alabama Letters, 224. 
Clinton, DeWitt, Sketches, 283; Black Book I, 12. 
Coffee, Gen., Alabama Letters, 45. 
Cooper, James Fennimore, Sketches, 266. 
Craig, Robert, Virginia, Southern Tour II, 216. 
Crawford, Mr., White Mountains, Black Book II, 282. 



APPENDICES 241 

Crockett, David, Black Book III, 131. 

Crowninshield, Mr., Salem, Massachusetts, Black Book II, 149. 

Dame, A. A., Black Book II, 111. 

Dana, Hon. — , Connecticut, Black Book II, 164. 

Daniel, Henry, Kentucky, Alabama Letters, 182. 

Day, Pres., Yale University, Sketches, 383. 

DeGraff, N. Y., Alabama Letters, 191. 

Deniston, Mr., Fennsylvania II, 199. 

Desha, Gen. Eobert, Alabama Letters, 185. 

Dickinson, Wells M., Pennsylvania II, 142. 

Drayton, William, South Carolina, Black Book III, 126. 

Duane, William, Black Book I, 317. 

Duncan, Joseph, New York, Alabama Letters, 185. 

Dunlap, Mr., Pennsylvania I, 229. 

Duval, Judge, Alabama Letters, 185. 

D wight, Henry, Massachusetts, Alabama Letters, 193. 

Dwight, Secretary, Black Book I, 25. 

Eaton, Gen. John, Tennessee, Black Book I, 126. 

Edes, Gen., Pennsylvania I, 8, 9. 

Ellis, Powhatan, Mississippi, Black Book III, 113. 

Ely, Eev. Dr., Pennsylvania I, 83. 

Everett, Edward, Massachusetts, Sketches, 354; Black Book 

III, 135. 
Ewell, Dr., Sketches, 152. 

Fairbanks, Messrs., Boston, Black Book II, 116. 

Paris, George, Pennsylvania II, 78. 

Fenner, Gov., Connecticut, Sketches, 371. 

Fessenden, Samuel, Black Book II, 116. 

Findley, William, Pennsylvania, Alabama Letters, 84. 

Flint, Timothy, Southern Tour III, 240. 

Flint, Kev., Salem, Massachusetts, Sketches, 374. 

Focet, Mr., Pennsylvania II, 174. 

Foot, Samuel, Connecticut, Alabama Letters, 176. 

Force, Peter, Washington, D. C, Sketches, 153. 

Ford, James, Pennsylvania, Southern Tour II, 215. 

French, Miss, Troy, New York, Sketches, 286. 



242 APPENDICES 

Gadsby, John, BJacJ: Boole I, 127. 

Gaines, Gen., Southern Tour I, 27. 

Gallatin, Albert, Sketches, 217; Southern Tour I, 52. 

Gallaudet, Thomas, Sketches, 298. 

Gaston, William, Southern Tour I, 88. 

Germans, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania I, 102-108; 132. 

Grundy, Felix, Tennessee, Alabama Letters, 224. 

Gurrow, Samuel, Southern Tour II, 204. 

Haile, William, Mississippi, Alabama Letters, 186. 

Hale, John P., New Hampshire, Black Book II, 193, 201. 

Harrison, William H., Ohio, Black Book III, 115. 

Haswell, Mr., Vermont, Black Book, 33. 

Hayne, Eobert, South Carolina, Black Book III, 122. 

Hill, Isaack Hill, New Hampshire, Black Book II, 348. 

Hobart, Bishop, Black Book II, 11. 

Hobble, Selah, New York, Alabama Letters, 183. 

Holmer, Gabriel, North Carolina, Alabama Letters, 184. 

Houston, Samuel, Black Book I, 125. 

Hubbard, Henry, New Hampshire, Southern Tour II, 214. 

Huntingdon, Black Book II, 121. 

Ingersoll, Ealph, Connecticut, Black Book III, 126. 

Iredell, James, North Carolina, Alabama Letters, 223. 

Isaacs, Judge, Alabama Letters, 228. 

Irving, Washington, Sketches, 264. 

Irwin, W. W., Ohio, Southern Tour II, 216. 

Jack, Captain, Pennsylvania II, 13. 

Jackson, Pres. Andrew, Alabama Letters, 69, 212. 

James, J. S., Southern Tour I, 38. 

Johnston, Chapman, Southern Tour I, 38. 

Johnson, Col. E. H., Kentucky, Black Book III, 114, 

Joy, T. H., Black Book II, 117. 

Kane, Elias, Illinois, Alabama Letters, 176. 

Kemp, Bishop, Blacic Book I, 105. 

Kennon, William, Ohio, Alabama Letters, 231. 

King, Mr., artist, Black Book I, 112. 

Kilpatrick, Dr., Pennsylvania II, 223. 

Knight, Prof. Yale, Sketches, 389. 

Kremer, George, Pennsylvania, Alabama Letters, 190. 



APPENDICES 243 

Lafayette, Gen., STcetches, 175, 344. 
Lamar, Henry G., Georgia, Alabama Letters, 22.5. 
Langdon, Mr., Burlington, Vermont, Blaclc Book III, 33. 
Laurence, Joseph, Pennsylvania, Alahavia Letters, 189. 
Law, Messrs., Washington, D. C., Black Book III, 205, 
Lea, Prior, Tennessee, Alabama Letters, 184. 
Levy, Chapman, Southern Tour I, 46. 
Lewis, Dixon, Alabama, Alabama Letters, 226. 
Lincoln, Levi, Gov. Massachusetts, Sketches, 305. 
Lincoln, E., Maine, Gov., Black Book II, 217. 
Livingstone, R. M., Black Book I, 71. 
Livingstone, E., Black Book I, 125. 
Longfellow, Stephen, Black Book II, 19. 
- Lynch, S. M., Dr., Southern Tour I, 216. 
Lyon, Chittendon, Kentucky, Alabama Letters, 182. 

McKean, Samuel, Pennsylvania, Alabama Letters, 189. 

McLane, Louis, Delaware, Pennsylvania I, 43. 

McLean, John, Illinois, Alabama Letters, 224. 

McPherson, Col., Blaclc Book I, 278. 

Madison, Pres. James, Southern Tour I, 37. 

Madison, Mrs. Dolly, Southern Tour I, 42. 

Maitland, Sir Peregrine, Canada, Black Book I, 53. 

Marshall, Judge, Black Book I, 127. 

Martin, Judge, Providence, Rhode Island, Sketches, 371. 

Mason, Jeremiah, New Hampshire, Blaclc Book II, 181. 

Matthews, Rev. William, Washington, D. C, Black Book I, 116. 

Mills, Elijah, Black Book II, 61. 

Mitchell, Dr. S. L., Sketches, 265. 

Monroe, President, Southern Tour I, 37. 

Moore, Bishop, Black Book I, 127. 

Morse, Jedediah, Sketches, 387. 

Murat, Prince, Black Book I, 17. 

Murry, M. M., Pennsylvania II, 76. 

Neef, Mr., Educator, Pennsylvania II, 149-163. 

Noah, Major, Editor, Black Book II, 4. 

Nott, President, Union College, New York, Black Book I, 33. 

Nuckolls, William, South Carolina, Alabama Letters, 183. 



244 APPENDICES 

Ogle, Gen., Pennsylvania II, 253. 

Orr, Benj., Massachusetts, BlacTc Boole II, 138. 

Orr, Robert, Pennsylvania, Alahama Letters, 189. 

Parker, Rev., Black Booh II, 180. 
Parris, Albion, Maine, Blade Book III, 114. 
Palfrey, Mr., writer, Salem, Massachusetts, Black Book II, 142. 

Paulding, Sketches, 264. ;! 

Peabody, W. O., Sketches, 292. :„' 

Pierpont, Rev., Boston, Sketches, 337. 'v 
Planteau, Madame, Sketches, 13. 

•Polk, James K., Alahama Letters, 182. ;f 

Pope, Col., Alabama, Alaiama Letters, 162. '(: 

Powell, Hare, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania I, 59. W 

Prince, Dr., Salem, Massachusetts, Black Book II, 142. ! 

Prince, Oliver, Georgia, Alahama Letters, 178. V; 

Randolph, John, Virginia, Alahama Letters, 187; Southern 

Tour I, 389. 
Richardson, Joseph, Massachusetts, Alahama Letters, 181. 
Riddle, Col. James, Pennsylvania II, 70. 
Ridgeley, Henry, Delaware, 178. 

Ritchie, Mr., publisher, Richmond, Virginia, Black Book I, 151. 
Rives, William, Virginia, Alahama Letters, 186. 
Robbins, Asher, Rhode Island, Black Book III, 116. 
Ross, George, Pennsylvania I, 175. 
Rowan, John, Kentucky, Alahama Letters, 177. 
Rowson, Mr., Boston, Black Book II, 116. 
Ruflfner, Henry, Sketches, 57. 
Ruggles, Benj., Ohio, Alahama Letters, 176. 
Rush, Rice, Pennsylvania, Black Book I, 109. 

Salstonstall, Mr., Salem, Mass., Black Book II, 146. 

Sawyer, Lemuel, North Carolina, Black Book I, 128. 

Schulze, Gov., Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania I, 188. 

Schuyler, Major Philip, New York, Black Book I, 70. 

Scott, Mrs. Hancock, Boston, Black Book II, 139. 

Seaton, Mr., Sketches, 153. .J 

Sears, D., Sketches, 338. 

Sedgwick, Mrs., Sketches, 266. 



li 



I 



APPENDICES 245 

Selkirk, Lord, Alabama Letters, 7. 

Seymour, Horatio, Vermont, Alabama Letters, 177. 

Sigourney, Mrs., Sketches, 300. 

Silliman, Prof. Yale, Sketches, 389; Black Book II, 193. 

Sister, Mrs. Eoyall's, Pennsylvania II, 213. 

Smith, Oliver, Indiana, Alabama Letters, 185. 

Smith, S. C, Black Book III, 113. 

Snowden, John M., Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania I, 108. 

Southwick, Mr., Sketches, 283. 

Sparks, Jared, Sketches, 337; Black Book II, 111. 

Speight, Jesse, North Carolina, Alabajna Letters, 227. 

Spencer, Eichard, Alabama, Alabama Letters, 227. 

Sprague, Peleg, Black Book II, 260. 

Steckel, Dr., Pennsylvania I, 108. 

Stevens, Philander, Pennsylvania, Southern Tour II, 213. 

Stevenson, James, Pennsylvania II, 126. 

Stith, Mrs., Black Book I, 318. 

Swan, Samuel, New Jersey, Black Book II, 191. 

Tammany Hall, Black Book I, 11. 

Tappan, Benj., Pennsylvania II, 146. 

Taylor, John, Pennsylvania II, 73. 

Tazewell, Littleton, Virginia, Black Book I, 256; Alabama 

Letters, 179. 
Test, John, Indiana, Alabama Letters, 232. 
Thayer, Col., West Point, Sketches, 381. 
Tyler, Gardiner, Virginia, Alabama Letters, 178. 
Tucker, Starling, South Carolina, Alabama Letters, 183. 

Union College, New York, Black Book I, 33. 

Universalist minister at Hartford, Connecticut, Sketches, 301. 

Upham, Eev. Charles, Salem, Massachusetts, Black Book II, 193. 

Van Buren, Matthew, Black Book I, 11. 
Vance, Joseph, Ohio, Alabama Letters, 186. 
Van Ness, C. P., Vermont, Black Book III, 258. 
Van Ness, Gen., Washington, D. C, Black Book I, 138. 
Van Ness, Mrs., Washington, D. C, Black Book I, 139. 
Van Eenssallaer, Gen. Stephen, New York, Sketches, 281. 
Vaughan, — , Black Book II, 258. 



246 APPENDICES 

Walcott, Gov. Connecticut, Sketches, 390. 

Walsh, Mr., Fennsylvania I, 93. 

Watkins, Dr., Sketches, 152. 

Watterston, George, Librarian of Congress, Sketches, 150; 

Black Book III, 210. 
Weare, Eev., Black Book II, 343. 

Webster, Daniel, Black Book II, 327; Black Book III, 112. 
■ Webster, Noah, Sketches, 383. 
Weeks, John W., New Hampshire, Alabama Letters, 231. 
Welsh, Mr., Sketches, 69. 

Wheaton, Major, Black Book I, 118; Black Book III, 109. 
White, Judge, Black Book III, 111. 

Whitney, Mr., Salem, Massachusetts, Black Book II, 148. 
Wiley, Mr., Black Book I, 3. 

Willey, Calvin, Connecticut, Black Book III, 116., 
Williams, Judge, Black Book III, 111. 
Wilson, James, Pennsylvania, Alabama Letters, 189. 
Wine, A. E., Michigan, Black Book III, 122. 
Wingate, Gen., Black Book II, 224. 
Wise, Calvin, Pennsylvania II, 30. 
Wise, Fred A., Pennsylvania II, 30. 
Wirt, William, Black Book I, 129; Sketches, 165. 
Woodbury, Levi, New Hampshire, Black Book III, 122. 
Woodsworth, Mr., Sketches, 266. 
Worter, G. W., Georgia, Southern Tour I, 71. 
Wright, Miss Frances, Pennsylvania II, 164, 174. 

Yale University, Sketches, 383. 

Yates, Gov. Van Ness, Sketches, 282; Black Book I, 34. 

Yancey, Joel, Kentucky, Alabavm Letters, 182. 



APPENDIX B 
Places Described, 1824-183I 

Alabama, Southern Tour II, 189. 

Albany, Sketches, 273; Black Book J, 11; Black Book II, 33. 

Alexandria, Sketches, 100; Black Book I, 140; Black Book 

III, 222. 
Allentown, Pennsylvania I, 142. 
Annapolis, Pennsylvania I, 20; Black Book I, 311. 
Augusta, Georgia, Southern Tour II, 66, 806. 
Augusta, Maine, Black Book II, 268. 

Ballston, Black Book I, 25. 

Baltimore, Pennsylvania I, 5; Sketches, 187; Black Book I, 

100, 301; Southern Tour I, 3. 
Bangor, Black Book II, 292, 308. 
Bath, New Hampshire, Black Book II, 376. 
Bath, Maine, Black Book II, 229. 
Bayou Sarah, Southern Tour III, 86. 
Bedford, Pennsylvania I, 242. 
Bedford Springs, Pennsylvania I, 257. 
Belfast, Maine, Black Book II, 316. 
Bellows Falls, Black Book II, 357. 
Belleville, Southern Tour III, 160. 
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania I, 114. 
Black Eock, Black Book I, 57. 
Blairsville, Pennsylvania II, 224. 
Boston, Sketches, 307; Black Book II, 110; Pennsylvania II, 

136. 
Bowdoin College, Black Book II, 199. 
Bowling Green, Letters, 13; Southern Tour III, 186. 
Brandywine, Pennsylvania I, 44. 
Brooklyn, Sketches, 269. 



248 APPENDICES 

Brookville, Indiana, Southern Toiir III, 220. 

Brown University, Black Boole II, 95. 

Brunswick, Maine, Black Book II, 108. 

Buckland, Southern Tour I, 5. 

Bucksport, Black Book II, 312. 

Buflfalo, Black Book I, 46. 

Burlington, Vermont, Black Book III, 33, 45. 

Cabell Courthouse, Alabama Letters, 5. 
Cambridge, Massachusetts, Sketches, 307, 350. 
Camden, South Carolina, Southern Tour II, 40. 
Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania II, 187. 
Carlisle, Pennsylvania I, 190. 
Carrollton, Black Book I, 300. 
Castine, Black Book II, 313. 
Chambersburg, Pennsylvania I, 122. 
Charleston, South Carolina, Southern Tour II, 3. 
Charleston, Virginia, Black Book I, 292. 
Charlestown, New Hampshire, Black Book II, 353. 
Charlestowu, Massachusetts, Black Book II, 139. 
Charlottesville, Southern Tour I, 84. 
Cincinnati, Southern Tour III, 338. 
City Point, Virginia, Black Book I, 249. 
China, Maine, Black Book II, 289. 
Columbia College, New York, Sketches, 246. 
•Columbia, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania I, 181. 
Columbia, South Carolina, Southern Tour II, 53. 
Concord, New Hampshire, Black Book II, 346. 
Connersville, Indiana, Southern Tour III, 225. 
Courtland, Alabama Letters, 137. 

Danville, Indiana, Southern Tour III, 233. 
Danville, Vermont, Black Book III, 19. 
Dartmouth College, Black Book II, 363. 
Denistown, Pennsylvania I, 195. 
Dickinson College, Pennsylvania I, 190. 
Dover, New Hampshire, Black Book II, 337. 

Easton, Pennsylvania I, 100. 
Ebonsburg, Pennsylvania II, 229. 



APPENDICES 249 

Eddenburg, Soxithern Tour III, 230. 
Eddyville, Southern Tour 111, 184. 
Elizabeth, Virginia, Southern Tour III, 205, 
Erie Canal, Blade Boole I, 35, 66. 
Exeter, Black Boole II, 164. 

Farmsville, Southern Tour I, 116. 

Fayetteville, Alabama Letters, 33; Southern Tour 1, 147. 

Floating Bridge, Lynn, Massachusetts, Sketches, 356. 

Florence, Alabama, Alabama Letters, 143, 146. 

Fort Bainbridge, Southern Tour II, 148. 

Fort Mitchell, Southern Tour II, 141. 

Frederick, Maryland, Black Book I, 276. 

Fredericksburg, Black Book I, 142. 

Genesee, Black Book I, 45. 

Georgetown, D. C, Sketches, 178; Alabama Letters, 222; Blacle 

Book III, 218. 
Gosport, Black Book I, 257. 
Greensboro, Southern Tour I, 124. 
Greensburg, Pennsylvania 11, 24. 

Hagerstown, Black Book I, 297. 
Hallowell, Black Book II, 256. 
Hanover, Black Book 11, 62. 
Harper's Ferry, Black Book I, 281. 
Hartford, Sketches, 264 ; Black Book II, 67. 
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 1, 187, 252-269. 
Harvard University, Sketches, 351. 
Haverhill, New Hampshire, Black Book 11, 372. 
Hebron, Black Book II, 87. 
Herkimer, Black Book I, 65. 
Hillsboro, Southern Tour I, 131. 
Hopkinsville, Southern Tour III, 181. 
Hudson City, Black Book I, 78. 
Hundred, The, Southern Tour I, 47. 
Huntingdon, Pennsylvania II, 235. 
Huntsville, Alabama, Alabama Letters, 38, 151. 

Indianapolis, Southern Tour III, 205, 231. 
Ipswich, Black Book II, 150. 



250 APPENDICES 

Jefferson Barracks, Southern Tour III, 142. 
Johnstown, Black Book I, 67. 

Kennebec, Black Book II, 249. 

Lancaster, New Hampshire, Black Book II, 389. 
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania I, 160-176. 
Laughlintown, Pennsylvania II, 139. 
Laurenceburg, Indiana, Southern Tour III, 117. 
Lebanon Springs, Black Book II, 42. 
Lewiston, Pennsylvania II, 241. 
Lexington, Kentucky, Alabama Letters, 9. 
Littleton, Black Book II, 377. 
Lockport, Black Book I, 59. 
Louisville, Southern Tour III, 205. 
Lynchburg, Southern Tour I, 100. 

McConnelstown, Pennsylvania I, 237. 
Macon, Southern Tour II, 129. 
Maine, Black Book II, 336. 
Marblehead, Black Book I, 148. 

Mason's Island in the Potomac, Black Book I, 272; Pennsyl- 
vania I, 25. 
Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania I, 127. 
Melton's Bluff, Alabama Letters, 52-76. 
Middlebury, Vermont, Black Book III, 52. 
Middletown, Connecticut, Blaclc Book II, 75. 
Milledgeville, Southern Tour II, 116, 126. 
Mobile, Southern Tour II, 201. 
Monticello, Southern Tour I, 87. 
Montgomery, Southern Tour II, 189. 
Moulton, Alabama Letters, 107. 
Mount Pisgah, Pennsylvania II, 219. 
Mount Sterling, Alabama Letters, 6. 

Nahant, Sketches, 355. 

Nashville, Alabama Letters, 19; Southern Tour II, 6; Southern 

Tour III, 187; Pennsylvania II, 36. 
Natchez, Southern Tour III, 101. 
Nazareth, Pennsylvania I, 107. 
New Baltimore, Southern Tour I, 57. 



APPENDICES 251 

New Brunswick, Sketches, 239. 

Newburg, Black Book I, 83. 

Newburyport, Black Book II, 155. 

Newcastle, Delaware, Sketches, 204. 

New Economy, Pennsylvania II, 137. 

New England, Black Book II, 71, 72, 290. 

New Hampshire, Black Book II, 392. 

New Haven, Sketches, 383; Black Book I, 3; Black Book 

II, 82. 
New Lebanon, Black Book II, 41. 
New Orleans, Southern Tour III, 12. 
New York City, Sketches, 241; Black Book I, 7; Black Book 

II, 3; Black Book III, 91; Southern Tour I, 16. 
New York State, Black Book I, 89. 
Niagara Falls, Black Book I, 50. 
Norfolk, Southern Tour I, 28 ; Black Book I, 253. 
Northampton, Black Book II, 59. 
North Carolina University, Southern Tour I, 140. 
Norwich, Black Book II, 369. 

Old Point Comfort, Black Book I, 259. 
Oldtown, Black Book II, 303. 

Pascagola, Southern Tour III, 2. 

Pawtucket, Black Book II, 107. 

Pittsburg, Pennsylvania II, 2-135. 

Pittsfield, Black Book II, 53. 

Philadelphia, Sketches, 205; Black Book I, 95, 315; Black 

Book III, 61; Pennsylvania I, 48-94. 
Pennsylvania, State, Pennsylvania I, 262. 
Petersburg, Southern Tour I, 30; Black Book I, 160. 
Portland, Black Book II, 214, 326. 
Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Black Book II, 174. 
Poughkeepsie, Black Book I, 80. 
Princeton, Kentucky, Southern Tour III, 177. 
Princeton, New Jersey, Black Book I, 93. 
Princeton, Vermont, Black Book III, 99. 
Providence, Sketches, 365; Black Book II, 91. 
Plymouth, Black Book II, 123. 



252 APPENDICES ''' 

Queenstown, Canada, Black Book I, 53. 

Quincy, Massachusetts, Sketches, 347; Black Book II, 132. 

Kaleigh, Southern Tour I, 134. 

Reading, Fennsylvania I, 149. 

Richmond, Sketches, 120; Black Book I, 147; Southern Tour 

I, 33. 
Rochester, New York, Black Book I, 60. 
Rushville, Southern Tour III, 184, 288. 

Saco, Black Book II, 333. 

Salem, Massachusetts, Sketches, 356; Black Book II, 142. 

Salem, Vermont, Black Book III, 68. 

Saltsburg, Pennsylvania II, 221. 

Saratoga, Black Book, I, 13; Black Book II, 37. 

Savannah, Southern Tour II, 82. 

Schenectady, Black Book I, 32. 

Schuylersville, Black Book I, 69. 

Selma, Southern Tour II, 193. 

Shawneetown, Illinois, Southern Tour III, 169. 

Shelbyville, Soxithern Tour III, 229. 

Shepherdstown, Black Book I, 293. 

Sideling Hill, Fennsylvania I, 241. 

Sing-Sing, Black Book I, 84. 

Smithland, Illinois, Southern Tour III, 171. 

Smithville, Southern Tour I, 166. 

Sparta, Southern Tour II, 113. 

Springfield, Indiana, Southern Tour III, 234. 

Springfield, Massachusetts, Sketches, 290 ; Black Book II, 64. 

Staunton, Sketches, 86; Southern Tour I, 75. 

St. Francisville, Southern Tour III, 92. 

St. Johnsbury, Black Book III, 15. 

St. Louis, Southern Tour III, 143. 

St. Louis College, Southern Tour III, 155. 

Steubenville, Ohio, Pennsylvania II, 139. 

Suffield, Black Book II, 67. 

Tappan, Black Book I, 86. 

Tennessee University, Southern Tour III, 201. 

Thomastown, Black Book II, 223. 



APPENDICES 253 

Trenton, New Jersey, Blaclc Book I, 123. 
Troy, Sketches, 286; Black Book I, 31. 

Union College, Black Book I, 32, 33. 
Utica, Black Book I, 40. 

Vassalborough, Black Book II, 286. 

Vergennes, Black Book III, 47. 

Vermont, Black Book III, 34, 44-62. 

Vicksburg, Southern Tour III, 114. 

Virginia University, Southern Tour i, 92. 

Visitation, Convent of, Georgetown, D. C, Sketches, 179. 

Waltham, Sketches, 341. 

Warrenton, Southern Tour I, 58. 

Washington, D. C, Sketches, 130; Black Book I, 106, 124; 

Black Book III, 108; Pennsylvania II, Appendix; Alabama 

Letters, Appendix. 
Washington, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania II, 181. 
Waterford, Connecticut, Black Book I, 29. 
Waterford, Vermont, Black Book III, 12. 
Waterville, Black Book II, 277. 
Weathersfield, Black Book II, 74. 
West Chester, Blaclc Book I, 321. 
West Point, Sketches, 375; Black Book II, 27. 
Wheeling, Pennsylvania II, 164. 
White Mountains, Blaclc Book II, 378. 
Williams College, Black Book II, 57. 
Williamstown, Black Book II, 57. 

Wilmington, Delaware, Sketches, 392; Black Book I, 122. 
Wilmington, North Carolina, Southern Tour I, 157. 
Winchester, Southern Tour I, 68. 
Windham, Connecticut, Black Book II, 87. 
Windsor, Black Book II, 359. 
Wiscasset, Black Book II, 234. 
Worcester, Sketches, 305. 

Yale University, Sketches, 383. 
York, Pennsylvania II, 27. 



APPENDIX C 

Partial Index to Personal Descriptions in Mrs. 

Royall's Newspapers of Members of 

Congress and Others, l8jl-l854 

Abbott, Amos, Massaehusets, Huntress, March 2, 1844. i 

Abercrombie, James, Alabama, Huniress, July 24, 1854. 
Adams, Eliza, Huntress, February 28, 1846. d^, 

Adams, Green, Kentucky, Huntress, January 29, 1848. ™ 

Adams, John Quincy, Massachusetts, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832; 

Huntress, August 1, 1840; August 20, 1842; December 14, 

1844; February 6, 1847; March 4, 1848. ,, 

Adams, Mrs. John Quincy, Huntress, June 2, 1849. 
Adams, Mrs. Stephen, Mississippi, Huntress, February 21, 1846. 
Alexander, Col., Charlotte, North Carolina, Huntress, April 

29, 1843. 
Alexander, Henry P., New York, Huntress, June 22, 1850. 
Alford, Julius C, Georgia, Huntress, February 8, 1840. 
Allen, A. H., Keeseville, New York, Htmtress, September 

18, 1852. 
Allen, Elisha, Maine, Huntress, June 11, 1842. 
Allen, Col. George, Ohio, Huntress, August 7, 1841. 
Allen, John W., Ohio, Huntress, February 24, 1838, 
Allen, Judson, New York, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
Anderson, Alexander, Tennessee, Huntress, March 14, 1840. 
Anderson, John, Maine, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832; Huntress, 

March 31, 1838. 
Anderson, Joseph, New York, Huntress, January 13, 1844. M 
Anderson, Josiah, Tennessee, Huntress, March 9, 1850. ™ 

Andrews, George R., New York, Huntress, September 21, 1850. | 
Andrews, John T., New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
Andrews, Landaflf, Kentucky, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 



APPENDICES 255 

Andrews, Sherlock, Ohio, Huntress, July 3, 1841, 

Appleton, Nathan, Massachusetts, Huntress, July 23, 1842. 

Archer, William, Virginia, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832; Huntress, 
May 29, 1847. 

Arnold, Leonard (Lemuel), Ehode Island, Huntress, April 18, 
1846. 

Arnold, Thomas, Tennessee, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 

Arnold, Mrs. Thomas, Tennessee, Huntress, June 25, 1842. 

Arrington, Archibald, New York, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 

Ashe, John B., Tennessee, Huntress, May 4, 1844. 

Ashley, Chester, Arkansas, Huntress, December 14, 1844; Feb- 
ruary 19, 1846. 

Ashley, "William, Missouri, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832; August 
9, 1834; July 23, 1836. 

Ashley, Mrs., Missouri, Huntress, June 11, 1842. 

Ashmun, George, Massachusetts, Huntress, April 25, 1846. 

Atchison, David, Missouri, Huntress, February 10, 1844; Febru- 
ary 19, 1846; July 1, 1854. 

Atherton, Charles (Colquitt), New Hampshire, Huntress, 
March 31, 1838; February 10, 1844. 

Atkinson, Archibald, Virginia, H^mtress, February 17, 1844. 

Atkinson, Mr., Editor Satudray Post, Philadelphia, Huntress, 
September 7, 1850. 

Averett, Thomas, Virginia, Huntress, April 6, 1850. 

Avery, Miss Emily, Cincinnati, Ohio, Huntress, December 20, 
1851. 

Ayerigg, John, New Jersey, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 

Babcock, Alfred, New York, Huntress, August 7, 1841. 
Badger, George, North Carolina, Huntress, March 13, 1847. 
Bagby, Arthur, Alabama, Huntress, April 5, 1842 ; May 1, 1847. 
Bagby, Mrs. Arthur, Huntress, April 13, 1844. 
Bailey, Mrs. David J. (Daniel), Georgia, Huntress, March 20, 

1852. 
Baker, Osmyn, Massachusetts, Huntress, February 1, 1840. 
Baldwin, Commodore E. S., Huntress, March 25, 1848. 
Banks, Linn, Virginia, Huntress, June 27, 1840. 
Barnum, Phineas T., Huntress, December 14, 1850. 



256 APPENDICES 

Barnwell, Robert, South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832; 

Huntress, August 31, 1850. 
Barrenger, Daniel (Barringer), North Carolina, Huntress, April 

13, 1844. 
Barret, Judge, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 15, 1854. 
Barrow, Mrs. Alexander, Louisiana, Huntress, March 8, 1845. 
Barry, Dr., U. S. N., Huntress, October 19, 1839. 
Barton, Richard, Virginia, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
Bay, William, Missouri, Huntress, May 4, 1850. 
Bayard, James, Delaware, Huntress, August 7, 1852. 
Bayard, Richard, Delaware, Huntress, February 27, 1841. 
Bayley, Thomas, Virginia, Huntress, May 18, 1844. 
Beale, James, Virginia, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834; Huntress, 

Sept. 28, 1850. 
Beale, Richard, Virginia, Huntress, April 29, 1848. 
Beale, T. D., Washington, D. C, Huntress, August 14, 1847. 
Beardsley, Samuel, New York, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
Beatty, William, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
Beaumont, Andrew, Pennsylvania, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
Beckinger, Henry, Virginia, Huntress, June 6, 1846. 
Beeson, Henry, Pennsylvania, Huntress, July 17, 1841. 
Beeson, Mrs. Henry, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 30, 1842. 
Bierne, Andrew, Virginia, Huntress, March 3, 1838; August 

29, 1840, 
Bell, John, Tennessee, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Bell, Mrs. John, Tennessee, Huntress, February 23, 1839. 
Bell, Joshua, Kentucky, Huntress, May 16, 1846. 
Bell, Samuel, New Hampshire, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
Belser, James, Alabama, Huntress, April 27, 1844. 
Benton, Charles, New York, Huntress, February 3, 1844. 
Benton, Master, page in Senate, Huntress, May 30, 1846. 
Benton, Thomas, Missouri, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Bethune, Laughlin, North Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Bibb, T. P., Huntress, November 30, 1844. 
Bicknell, Bennett, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
Bicknell, Mrs. Bennett, New York, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
Bidlack, Benj. (Bidlock), Pennsylvania, Huntress, June 12, 

1841. 
Bidlack, Mrs. Benj., Pennsylvania, Huntress, July 2, 1842. 



APPENDICES 257 

Biggs, Asa, North Carolina, Huntress, January 24, 1846. 
Binell, William, Illinois, Himtress, February 23, 1850, 
Bingham, Kinsley S., Michigan, Huntress, July 22, 1848. 
Binney, Horace, Pennsylvania, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
Birdsall, Samuel, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838.* 
Birdsall, Mrs. Samuel, New York, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
Black, Edward, Georgia, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
Black, Henry, Pennsylvania, Huntress, September 4, 1841. 
Black, James, South Carolina, Huntress, December 16, 1843. 
Black, John, Mississippi, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
Blackwell, Julius, Tennessee, Huntress, April 11, 1840. 
Blair, Mrs. Bernard, New York, Huntress, February 19, 1842. 
Blair, Francis P., Huntress, October 3, 1840. 
Blair, James, South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Blair, John, Tennessee, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Blanchard, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 11, 1846. 
Blanchard, Mrs. John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, August 1, 1846. 
Blox, Eev. — , Washington, D. C, Huntress, November 23, 1850. 
Bocock, Thomas, Virginia, Huntress, April 1, 1848. 
Boggs, Mrs. E., Huntress, January 22, 1842. 
Bokee, Abraam, New York, Huntress, July 13, 1850. 
Bokee, Abraham, New York, Huntress, July 13, 1850. 
Bond, Mrs. William, Ohio, Huntress, Febmary 29, 1840. 
Boon, Eatliff, Indiana, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832; August 16, 

1834. 
Booth, Walter (Boall), Connecticut, Huntress, February 23, 

1850. 
Booth, Mrs., Connecticut, Huntress, March 2, 1850. 
Borden, Nathaniel, Massachusetts, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
Borden, Massachusetts, Huntress, February 25, 1843. 
Bossier, P. E., Louisiana, Huntress, December 16, 1843. 
Bossier, Madame, Louisiana, Huntress, December 16, 1843. 
Botts, John, Virginia, Huntress, February 1, 1840 ; April 18, 

1840. 
Botts, David, Pennsylvania, Hxmtress, March 24, 1838. 
Bouldin, Thomas, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832 ; August 16, 1834. 
Bowden, F. W. (Bowdon), Alabama, Huntress, January 23, 

1847. 
Bower, Dr. Gustavus, Missouri, Huntress, December 23, 1843. 



258 APPENDICES 

Bowlin, James, Missouri, Huntress, April 20, 1844, 
Boydon, North Carolina, Huntress, March 11, 1848. 
Brackenridge, Henry (Breckenridge), Pennsylvania, Huntress, 

February, 1841. 
Bradbury, James, Maine, Huntress, March 30, 1850. 
Bradbury, Mrs., Maine, Huntress, April 13, 1850. 
Bradford, Miss Mary Jane, Mississippi, Huntress, February 

28, 1846. 
Brady, Jasper, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 22, 1848. 
Brainard, Charles, Boston, Massachusetts, Huntress, June 13, 

1846. 
Branch, John, North Carolina, Faul Fry, August 4, 1832. 
Breck, Daniel, Kentucky, Huntress, March 9, 1850. 
Breck, Mrs. Daniel, Kentucky, Huntress, March 9, 1850. 
Breckenridge, John, Kentucky, Huntress, May 29, 1852. 
Breese, Sidney, Illinois, Huntress, February 10, 1844; March 

2, 1844. 
Brent, J. C, Washington, D. C, Huntress, July 1, 1848. 
Brent, Col. William, Washington, D. C, Huntress, December 

23, 1848. 
Brenton, Samuel, Indiana, Huntress, May 29, 1852. 
Brett, Mr. S. C, Huntress, July 11, 1840. 
Bridges, Samuel, Pennsylvania, Huntress, June 10, 1848. 
Brinkerhoff, Jacob, Ohio, Huntress, January 6, 1844. 
Brinkerhotf, Mrs. Jacob, Ohio, Huntress, December 21, 1844. 
Broadhead, Eichard (Brodhead), Pennsylvania, Huntress, 

January 6, 1844. 
Brockway, John H., Connecticut, Huntress, December 28,' 1839. 
Bronaugh, John W., Washington, D. C, Huntress, September 

25, 1841. 
Bronson, David, Maine, Huntress, July 10, 1841. 
Bronwell, Lieut., Huntress, March 8, 1845. 
Brooke, Walter, Mississippi, Huntress, May 29, 1852. 
Brown, Aaron, Tennessee, Huntress, April 25, 1840. 
Brown, Albert, Mississippi, Huntress, March 21, 1840. 
Brown, Bedford, North Carolina, Faul Fry, August 4, 1832; 

July 30, 1836. 
Brown, Jeremiah, Pennsylvania, Huntress, August 14, 1841; 

December 23, 1843. 



APPENDICES 259 

Brown, Jesse, Washington, D. C, Huntress, November 30, 1839. 

Brown, Milton, Tennessee, Huntress, July 10, 1844. 

Brown, Col. Orlando, Kentucky, Huntress, November 24, 1849. 

Brown, Samuel, New York, Huntress, June 12, 1841. 

Brown, William, Indiana, Huntress, January 6, 1844; April 

19, 1845. 
Brownlow, Eev. William, Tennessee, Huntress, March 17, 1849. 
Bryan, Andrew, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
Buchanan, Andrew, Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 23, 1839. 
Buchanan, James, Pennsylvania, Huntress, December 2, 1843; 

April 9, 1845. 
Buckner, Alexander, Missouri, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Buckner, Ayelet, Kentucky, Huntress, April 22, 1848. 
Buell, Alexander (Buel), Michigan, Huntress, March 30, 1850. 
Buffington, Mrs. Joseph, Pennsylvania, Huntress, May 16, 1846. 
Bugg, Eobert, Tennessee, Huntress, July 24, 1854. 
Burges, Tristam, Ehode Island, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
Burleson, Gen., Huntress, April 9, 1842, 
Burnell, Barker, Massachusetts, Huntress, June 26, 1841. 
Burroughs, J. M., New York, Huntress, April 4, 1846. 
Burt, Amstead, South Carolina, Huntress, April 13, 1844. 
Burt, Mrs. Amstead, Huntress, April 13, 1844. 
Burt, Col., Huntress, September 17, 1853. 

Busey, Mrs. Dr. — , Washington, D. C, Huntress, April 2, 1853.. 
Butler, Andrew, South Carolina, Huntress, March 13, 1847. 
Butler, Major Gen., U. S. A., Huntress, August 5, 1848. 
Butler, Sampson, South Carolina, Huntress, February 1, 1840. 
Butler, William O., Kentucky, Huntress, May 30, 1840; Sep- 
tember 11, 1841. 

Cabell, E. C, Virginia and Florida, Huntress, February 26, 
1848; April 29, 1848. 

Cable, Joseph, Ohio, Huntress, December 15, 1849. 

Cage, Harry, Mississippi, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 

Caldwell, George A., Kentucky, Huntress, June 22, 1850; Feb- 
ruary 3, 1844. 

Caldwell, Joseph, North Carolina, Huntress, Feb. 5, 1853. 

Calhoun, John C, South Carolina, Paul Pry, July 30, 1836. 

Calhoren, Mr. (Calhoun?), Huntress, May 22, 1847. 



260 APPENDICES 

Calvin, Samuel, Huntress, March 2, 1850. 
Cambreling, Churchill, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
Cameron, Simon, Pennsylvania, Huntress, July 18, 1846.* 
Campbell, John H., Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 28, 1846 j. 

June 6, 1846. 
Campbell, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 
Campbell, Thomas, Tennessee, Huntress, June 19, 1841. 
CampbeU, William, New York, Huntress, May 30, 1846. 
Campbell, Mrs. William, i:ennessee,Huntress, February 17, 1838. 
Campbell, Gen. W. B., Huntress, March 4, 1848. 
Car, John, (Carr), Indiana, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
Carey, Jeremiah, (Cary), New York, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 
Carson, Samuel, North Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Caruthers, Samuel, Missouri, Huntress, June 24, 1854. 
Cary, George, Virginia, Huntress, August 28, 1841. 
Gary, Shepherd, Maine, Huntress, December 14, 1844. 
Carpenter, Levi, New York, Huntress, January 11, 1845. 
Casey, Gen., Washington, D. C, Huntress, September 17, 1853. 
Casey, Mrs. Joseph, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 20, 1850. 
Casey, Zadock, Illinois, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
Cass, Lewis, Michigan, Huntress, May 30, 1846; February 14, 

1852; February 15, 1851. 
Cathcart, Chailes, Indiana, Huntress, January 24, 1846. 
Catlin, George, Connecticut, Huntress, March 8, 1845. 
Chalmers, Joseph, Mississippi, Huntress, May 23, 1846. 
Chandler, Joseph, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 20, 1850. 
Chaney, John, Ohio, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
Chapin, Eev. E. H., Huntress, October 19, 1839. 
Chapman, Augustus, Virginia, Huntress, February 17, 1844; 

May 30, 1846. 
Chapman, Mrs. Augustus, Virginia, Huntress, June 1, 1844 j 

June 15, 1844. 
Chapman, Charles, Connecticut, Huntress, May 1, 1852. 
Chapman, John, Maryland, Huntress, April 18, 1846. 
Chapman, Eeuben, Alabama, Paul Pry, July 23, 1836. 
Chapman, William, Iowa, Huntress, February 16, 1839. 
Chappell, Absalom, Georgia, Huntress, May 4, 1844. 
Chappell, Mrs. Absalom, Georgia, Huntress, March 16, 1844. 
Charlton, Eobert, Georgia, Huntress, June 26, 1852. 



APPENDICES 261 

Chase, Lucius, Tennessee, Huntress, January 10, 1846. 

Chastin, Elijah, Georgia, Huntress, May 22, 1852. 

Cheatham, Eichard, Tennessee, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 

Chilton, Adam, Kentucky, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 

Chilton, Samuel, Virginia, Huntress, January 27, 1844. 

Chilton, Mrs. Sarah, Virginia, Huntress, March 8, 1845. 

Chilton, Thomas, Kentucky, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 

Chinn, Thomas, Louisiana, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 

Chittenden, Thomas, New York, Huntress, February 8, 1840; 
April 18, 1840. 

Choate, Eufus, Massachusetts, Huntress, September 25, 1841. 

Churchwell, William, Tennessee, Huntress, July 17, 1852. 

Cilley, Joseph, New Hampshire, Huntress, August 1, 1846. 

Claibourn, John, Mississippi, Paul Pry, July 16, 1836. 

Clapp, Asa, Maine, Huntress, May 20, 1848. 

Clark, Beverly, Kentucky, Huntress, April 8, 1848. 

Clark, Horace, Connecticut, Huntress, March 13, 1847. 

Clark, John, Ehode Island, Huntress, March 2, 1848. 

Clark, Lincoln, Massachusetts, Huntress, February 19, 1853. 

Clay, Clement C, Alabama, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 

Clay, Henry, Kentucky, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832; August 9, 
1834; Huntress, May 18, 1850; January 25, 1851. 

Clayton, Augustine, Georgia, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 

Clayton, John M., Maryland, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 

Clayton, Thomas, Delaware, Huntress, February 27, 1841. 

Clemson, T. G., Minister to Belgium, Huntress, July 27, 1844. 

Clemens, Jeremiah, (Clemmons), Alabama, Huntress, Decem- 
ber 29, 1849. 

Cleveland, Chauncey, Connecticut, Huntress, May 25, 1850. 

Cliflford, Nathan, Maine, Huntress, December 28, 1839; August 
8, 1840. 

Clinch, Gen., Georgia, Huntress, May 25, 1844. 

Clingman, Thomas, North Carolina, Huntress, February 3, 1844. 

Clinton, Mrs. James, New York, Huntress, July 2, 1842. 

Clowney, William, South Carolina, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 

Cobb, Howell, Georgia, Huntress, January 6, 1844. 

Cobb, Miss Martha, Georgia, Huntress, June 29, 1850. 

Cobb, Miss Mary, Georgia, Huntress, March 25, 1848. 

Cobb, Williamson, Alabama, Huntress, March 18, 1848. 



262 APPENDICES 

Cobb, Mrs. Williamson, Alabama, Huntress, April 13, 1850. 
Cocke, William, Tennessee, Huntress, February 21, 1846. 
Cocke, Mrs. William, Tennessee, Huntress, June 6, 1846. 
Coffee, John, Georgia, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
Coleman, Mrs. National Hotel, Washington, D. C, Huntress,. 

August 15, 1846; July 17, 1847. 
Collamer, Mrs. Jacob, Vermont, Huntress, June 27, 1846. 
Collin, John, New York, Huntress, August 1, 1846. 
Collins, — , Maryland, Huntress, November 3, 1844. 
Collins, William, New York, Huntress, January 15, 1848. 
Colquitt, Gen. Alfred, Georgia, Huntress, March 20, 1847; May 

27, 1854. 
Colquitt, Walter, Georgia, Huntress, January 4, 1840. 
Colquitt, Mrs. Walter, Georgia, Huntress, April 6, 1844. 
Compton, deaf-mute clerk. Treasury, D. C, Huntress, May 24, 

1845. 
Conger, Harmon, New York, Huntress, June 1, 1850. 
Conger, Mrs. Haimon, Huntress, June 1, 1850. 
Connelly, Owen, Huntress, June 2, 1849. 
Conrad, Charles, Louisiana, Huntress, June 4, 1842. 
Coons, Miss Mary, Missouri, Huntress, December 20, 1851. 
Cooper, James, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 14, 1840. 
Cooper, Mark, Georgia, Huntress, January 4, 1840. 
Cooper, William, New Jersey, Huntress, May 2, 1840. 
Corcoran, W. W., Washington, D. C, Huntress, February 21, 

1852. 
Corwin, Moses, Ohio, Huntress, June 1, 1850; July 24, 1854. 
Cottrell, James L., Alabama, Huntress, January 23, 1847. 
Coulton, Eichard, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
Cousin, J. M. S., Maryland, Huntress, April 27, 1844. 
Cowen, Benj., Ohio, Huntress, August 21, 1841. 
Cummins, John D., (Commins), Ohio, Huntress, June 6, 1846. 
Crafts, Samuel, (Crabb), Vermont, Huntress, May 14, 1842. 
Craig, Eobert, Virginia, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832; June 20, 1840. 
Cranston, Henry, Khode Island, Huntress, January 6, 1844. 
Cranston, Eobert, Ehode Island, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
Crary, Isaac, Michigan, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
Crawford, Thomas, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 



APPENDICES 263 

Crittenden, John, Kentucky, Huntress, May 22, 1847; May 29, 
1847. 

Crittenden, Mrs. J., Kentucky, Huntress, February 12, 1848. 

Crockett, David, Tennessee, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 

Crockett, John, Tennessee, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 

Cross, Edward, Arkansas, Huntress, February 29, 1840. 

Crowell, John, Ohio, Huntress, January 1, 1848. 

Crozier, John, Tennessee, Huntress, February 7, 1846. 

Crozier, Mrs. John, Tennessee, Huntress, February 7, 1846. 

Cullom, Alvan (Alva), Tennessee, Huntress, December 16, 1843. 

Cullom, William, Tennessee, Huntress, June 19, 1852. 

Cunningham, Francis, Ohio, Huntress, March 7, 1846. 

Curtis, Edward, New York, Huntress, March 7, 1840. 

Cushing, Caleb, Massachusetts, Huntress, July 7, 1838; Sep- 
tember 5, 1840. 

Cutts, James Madison, Washington, D. C, Huntress, Decem- 
ber 18, 1841. 

Culver, Erastus, Huntress, March 7, 1846. 

Daguerrian, S., Georgia, Huntress, June 13, 1846. 
Daniel, John E., North Carolina, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
Darby, John F., Missouri, Huntress, January 22, 1853. 
Darby, Mrs. John F., Missouri, Huntress, January 22, 1853. 
Davies, Edward, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 10, 1838; 

April 18, 1840. 
Davis, Garret, Kentucky, Huntress, February 8, 1840 ; Huntress, 

June 5, 1847. 
Davis, Jefferson, Mississippi, Huntress, December 25, 1847. 
Davis, John, Massachusetts, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
Davis, John, Indiana, Huntress, January 4, 1840. 
Davis, Mrs. Joseph, Huntress, July 29, 1848. 
Davis, Eich, New York, Huntress, August 21, 1841. 
Davis, Warren E., South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Davison, John B., Louisiana, Huntress, July 17, 1841. 
Dawson, William D., Georgia, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 
Dayton, Edmund S., Alabama, Huntress, July 18, 1846. 
Dayton, William L., New Jersey, Huntress, August 20, 1842. 
Dean, Ezra, Ohio, Huntress, June 12, 1841. 
Delano, Columbus, Ohio, Huntress, March 7, 1846. 



264 APPENDICES 

Delano, Mrs., Columbus, Ohio, Huntress, March 14, 1846. 

Dellet, Mrs. James, Alabama, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 

DeMott, John, New York, Huntress, April 4, 1846; July 18, 
1846. 

Dennis, John, Maryland, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 

De Sassure, William F., South Carolina, Huntress, July 17, 1852. 

Dickerson, Mahlon, New Jersey, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 

Dickinson, Daniel S., New York, Huntress, December 14, 1844. 

Dickenson, Mrs. Daniel, New York, Huntress, May 16, 1846. 

Dickey, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, December 16, 1843. 

Dillet, James, Alabama, Huntress, February 29, 1840. 

Dillingham, William Paul, Vermont, Huntress, April 27, 1844. 

Dimihick, Melo M., Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 20, 1850. 

Dimock, David, Pennsylvania, Huntress, June 19, 1841. 

Dix, John A., New York, Huntress, July 29, 1848. 

Dixon, James, Connecticut, Huntress, July 18, 1846. 

Dixon, Nathan F., Ehode Island, Huntress, February 27, 1841; 
August 14, 1841; May 4, 1850. 

Doan, William, Ohio, Huntress, February 29, 1840. 

Dobbin, James C, North Carolina, Huntress, January 10, 1846. 

Dockery, Alfred, North Carolina, Huntress, March 13, 1847. 

Dodge, Mrs. Augustus, Iowa, Huntress, April 30, 1842; Febru- 
ary 2, 1850; October 23, 1852. 

Dodge, Gen. Henry, Wisconsin, Huntress, February 2, 1850. 

Dodge, Mrs. Henry, Wisconsin, Huntress, December 14, 1844. 

Doig, Andrew, New York, Huntress, March 7, 1840. 

Donelan, Eev., St. Matthew's Church, Washington, D. C, Hun- 
tress, December 7, 1850. 

Donnell, Eiehard S., North Carolina, (Mississippi), Huntress, 
January 8, 1848. 

Doty, Judge James Duane, Wisconsin, Huntress, February 16, 
1839. 

Doty, Mrs. James Duane, Wisconsin, Huntress, February 23, 
1839. 

Douglass, Stephen A., Illinois, Huntress, February 3, 1844. 

Dow, Mr., writer, Huntress, October 8, 1842. 

Dow, Captain Jesse, Huntress, June 29, 1844. 

Dowdell, James A., Alabama, Huntress, April 15, 1854. 

Dowdell, Mrs. James, Alabama, Huntress, May 27, 1854. 



APPENDICES 265 

Dowling, Col. Thomas, Indiana, Huntress, April 8, 1848. 

Downing, Charles, Florida, Huntress, March 31, 1838; August 
29, 1840. 

Downs, Solomon, Louisiana, Huntress, July 22, 1848. 

Drennan, Miss J. Anna, Huntress, February 28, 1846. 

Drum, Augustus, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 18, 1854. 

Duer, William, New York, Huntress, June 17, 1848. 

Duncan, Alexander, Ohio, Huntress, March 14, 1840. 

Duncan, Daniel, Ohio, Huntress, March 11, 1848. 

Duncan, Mrs. Daniel, Ohio, Huntress, April 22, 1848. 

Duncan, Garnett, Kentucky, Huntress, February 12, 1848. 

Dunham, Cyrus L., New York, Huntress, May 25, 1850. 

Dunlap, Gen. Eobert, Texan Minister, Huntress, October 23, 
1839; December 14, 1844. 

Dunn, George H., Indiana, Huntress, January 28, 1848; Feb- 
ruary 10, 1838. 

Eckert, George, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 8, 1848. 

Editors, New York City, Paul Pry, November 1, 1834. 

Edwards, John, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 

Edwards, John C, Missouri, Huntress, August 20, 1842. 

Edwards, Thomas, Ohio, Huntress, April 22, 1848. 

Eghart, Joseph, New York, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 

Elliot, Samuel, (Eliot), Massachusetts, Huntress, March 1, 1851. 

Elliot, Seth, Historian, Washington, D. C, Huntress, June 29, 
1839. 

Ellis, Mrs. Chesedon (Chesselden), New York, Huntress, Feb- 
ruary 15, 1845. 

Ellsworth, Samuel, New York, Huntress, April 4, 1846. 

Ellis, Powhatan, Mississippi, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 

Elmer, Lucius, New Jersey, Huntress, March 30, 1844. 

Elmore, Franklin H., South Carolina, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 

Elmore, Mrs. Franklin H., Huntress, March 31, 1838. 

Ely, John, New York, Huntress, December 28, 1839. 

Erdman, Jacob, Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 7, 1846. 

Esdall, Joseph, New Jersey, Huntress, July 4, 1846. 

Essler, Fanny, dancer. Huntress, April 3, 1841. 

Evans, Alexander, Maryland, Huntress, April 29, 1848. 

Evans, George, Maine, Huntress, December 14, 1844. 



266 APPENDICES 

Evans, Josiah, South Carolina, Huntress, July 1, 1854, 
Evans, Nathan, Ohio, Huntress, March 11, 1848. 
Everett, Edward, Massachusetts, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
Ewing, Edvpin H., Tennessee, Huntress, April 18, 1846. 
Ewing, John, Indiana, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
Ewing, John H., Pennsylvania, Huntress, June 6, 1846. 
Ewing, Thomas, Ohio, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 

Earlee, Isaac, New Jersey, Huntress, April 27, 1844. 

Farrelly, John W., Huntress, January 8, 1848. 

Featherstonehaugh, Mr., geologist, Huntress, December 10, 1836. 

Felch, Alpheus, Michigan, Huntress, April 15, 1848. 

Felder, John, South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 

Fenton, Charles W., Editor National Whig, "Washington, D. 
C, Huntress, May 27, 1848 ; May 5, 1849. 

Fessenden, William Pitt, Maine, Huntress, July 17, 1841. 

Ficklin, Orlando, Illinois, Huntress, May 4, 1844. 

Fillmore, Millard, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838; July 
25, 1850. 

Fish, Hamilton, New York, Huntress, June 1, 1844. 

Fisher, Charles, North Carolina, Huntress, June 27, 1840. 

Fisher, Daniel, Ohio, Huntress, January 1, 1848. 

Fletcher, Eich, Massachusetts, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 

Florence, Elias, Ohio, Huntress, May 11, 1844. 

Florence, Thomas B., Pennsylvania, Huntress, July 24, 1852. 

Flournoy, Thomas, Virginia, Huntress, February 12, 1848. 

Flournoy, Mrs. Thomas, Virginia, Huntress, February 12, 1848. 

Floyd, Benj. K., Virginia, Georgetown College, Paul Pry, Au- 
gust 6, 1836. 

Floyd, Charles, New York, Huntress, March 19, 1842. 

Foote, Henry S., Mississippi, Huntress, December 25, 1847. 

Ford, Athanasius, Philadelphia, Htintress, December 5, 1846. 

Fornance, Joseph, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 21, 1840. 

Fornance, Mrs. Joseph, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 15, 
1842. 

Forsyth, John, Pennsylvania, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 

Forward, Walter, Secretary-Treasury, Huntress, September 25, 
1841. 

Foster, A. Lawrence, New York, Huntress, August 7, 1841. 



APPENDICES 267 

Foster, Henry A., New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838; De- 
cember 14, 1844. 
Foster, Mrs. Henry, New York, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
Foster, Henry D., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 30, 1844. 
Francis, John B., Ehode Island, Huntress, March 16, 1844. 
Freedley (Friedley), John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 1, 

1848. 
French, Eichard, Kentucky, Huntress, June 15, 1844. 
French, WilUam, Philadelphia, Huntress, December 5, 1846, 
Fries, George, Ohio, Huntress, March 14, 1846. 
Fuller, George, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 4, 1845. 
Fuller, Henry M., Pennsylvania, Huntress, May 29, 1852. 
Fuller, Thomas J. D., Maine, Huntress, February 23, 1850. 
Fuller, Mrs. Thomas, Maine, Huntress, April 6, 1850. 
Fulton, Andrew, Virginia, Huntress, February 12, 1848. 
Fulton, John, Virginia, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
Fulton, William S., Arkansas, Huntress, 1840. 

Gadsby, John, District of Columbia, Huntress, November 30, 
1839. 

Gaines, John P., Kentucky, Huntress, January 29, 1848. 

Gaines, Mrs. Myra Clark, Huntress, February 27, 1841; Feb- 
ruary 26, 1848; May 5, 1848; March 13, 1852. 

Gaither, Henry, Huntress, March 25, 1848. 

Galbraith, John, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 

Gales and Seaton, Washington, D. C, Huntress, December 10, 
1853. 

Gallaudet, Peter W., Connecticut, Huntress, June 15, 1839. 

Gallup, Albert, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 

Gamble, Eoger L., Georgia, Huntress, March 19, 1842. 

Gamble, Miss Margaret, Mississippi, Huntress, May 14, 1842. 

Gardner, Eufust K., (Gardiner), Huntress, December 15, 1849. 

Garland, Eiee, Louisiana, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834; Huntress, 
August 15, 1840. 

Garvin, William S., Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 7, 1846. 

Gates, Seth M., New York, Huntress, February 8, 1840. 

Gaylord, James M., Ohio, Huntress, June 26, 1852. 

Gentry, Mrs., Georgia, Huntress, December 26, 1846. 



268 APPENDICES 

Gentry, Mrs. Meredith P., Tennessee, Huntress, February 9, 

1850. 
Gerry, Elbridge, Maine, Huntress, April 13, 1850. 
Gerry, James, Pennsylvania, (Georgia), Huntress, May 2, 1840. 
Geyer, Henry S., Missouri, Huntress, April 1, 1854. 
Giddings, Joshua, Ohio, Huntress, February 23, 1839. 
Gilbert, Edward, California, Huntress, June 22, 1850. 
Gilchrist, S., Maine, Huntress, March 28, 1853. 
Giles, William F., Maryland, Huntress, July 4, 1846. 
Gilman, Governor, Vermont, (New Hampshire), Huntress, June 

26, 1841. 
Gilmer, Mrs., Virginia, Huntress, June 25, 1842. 
Gilmore, Alfred, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 9, 1850. 
Gibnore, Mrs. Alfred, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 11, 1851. 
Given, William, Mississippi, Huntress, January 28, 1843. 
Given, Mrs. William, California, Huntress, June 29, 1850. 
Goggin, Mrs. William L., Virginia, Huntress, July 23, 1842. 
Goode, Patrick, Ohio, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 
Goode, William O., Virginia, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
Goodyear, Charles, New York, Huntress, April 4, 1846. 
Gordon, Samuel, New York, Huntress, July 31, 1841. 
Gorman, Willis A., Indiana, Huntress, July 20, 1850. 
Gott, Daniel, New York, Huntress, March 18, 1848; June 1, 

1850. 
Gould, Herman D., New York, Huntress, February 22, 1851. 
Graham, Mrs. Hartley, Virginia, Huntress, February 19, 1848. 
Graham, James, North Carolina, Huntress, March 14, 1840. 
Graham, William, Indiana, Huntress, February 10, 1838. 
Graham, William A., North Carolina, Huntress, July 17, 1841. 
Graves, William J., Kentucky, Huntress, February 24, 1838. 
Greeley, Horace, New York, Huntress, March 17, 1849. 
Green, Byram, New York, Huntress, May 4, 1844. 
Green, Gen. Duff, Washington, D. C, Huntress, February 6, 

1847. 
Green, James S., Missouri, Huntress, May 6, 1848. 
Green, Mrs. James S., Missouri, Huntress, June 24, 1848. 
Green, WiUis, Kentucky, Huntress, February 8, 1840. 
Greenwood, Alfred B., Arkansas, Huntress, June 24, 1854. 
Greenwood, Grace, Huntress, July 20, 1850. 



I 



APPENDICES 269 

Grennell, George, Jr., Massachusetts, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 

Greig, John, New York, Huntress, July 17, 1841. 

Grider, Henry, Kentucky, Huntress, June 8, 1844. 

Griffin, John K., South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 

Grover, Martin, Mew York, Huntress, May 30, 1846. 

Grundy, Felix, Tennessee, Huntress, September 28, 1839. 

Gustine, Amos, Pennsylvania, Huntress, July 10, 1841. 

Habersham, Richard, Georgia, Huntress, January 4, 1840. 
Hale, Artemas, Massachusetts, Huntress, January 9, 1847. 
Hale, John P., New Hampshire, Huntress, January 6, 1844; 

May 1, 1852. 
Hall, Mrs. Willard P., Missouri, Huntress, June 24, 1848. 
Halloway, Eansom, New York, Huntress, June 29, 1850. 
Halstead, Miss Anna, New Jersey, Huntress, July 2, 1842. 
Halstead, William, New Jersey, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
Halstead, Mrs. William, New Jersey, Huntress, April 30, 1842. 
Hamer, Thomas L., Ohio, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
Hamilton, William, Maryland, Huntress, February 23, 1850. 
Hamlin, Mrs. E. S., Ohio, Huntress, February 15, 1845. 
Hamlin, Hannibal, Maine, Huntress, August 31, 1850. 
Hamlin, Mrs. Hannibal, Maine, Huntress, February 25, 1854. 
Hammond, Robert H., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
Hammons, David, Maine, Huntress, May 20, 1848. 
Hampton, James G., New Jersey, Huntress, April 18, 1846. 
Hampton, Moses, Pennsylvania, Huntress, December 26, 1850. 
Hampton, Mrs. Moses, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 26, 

1850, 
Hand, Augustus, New York, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
Hannegan, Edward A., Indiana, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834; 

Huntress, February 10, 1841. 
Hannegan, Mrs. E. A., Huntress, February 22, 1845. 
Haralson, Hugh, Georgia, Huntress, February 17, 1844. 
Haralson, Mrs. Hugh, Georgia, Huntress, June 1, 1844. 
Haralson, Misses, Georgia, Huntress, June 1, 1844. 
Hardin, Benj., Kentucky, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
Hardin, John D., Illinois, Huntress, June 15, 1844. 
Harlan, Andrew J., Indiana, Huntress, March 9, 1850. 
Harlan, Mrs. Andrew J., Indiana, Huntress, February 15, 1851. 



270 APPENDICES 

Harmanson, John H., Louisiana, Huntress, May 2, 1846; (Har- 

menson), August 5, 1848. 
Hannanson, Mrs. John H., Louisiana, Huntress, August 5, 1848. 
Harper, Alexander, Ohio, Huntress, February 24, 1838; May 

11, 1844. 
Harris, Miss Josephine, Kentucky, Huntress, March 8, 1846. 
Harris, Samson W., Alabama, Huntress, December 25, 1847. 
Harris, Wiley P., Mississippi, Huntress, March 18, 1854. 
Harris, William C, Virginia, Huntress, June 19, 1841. 
Harris, Mrs. William A., Virginia, Huntress, January 28, 1843. 
Harrison, S. H., Turfman, New York, Huntress, May 6, 1837. 
Harrison, President William Henry, Huntress, March 6, 1841; 

March 13, 1841; April 27, 1841. 
Harrison, Mrs. President, Huntress, April 24, 1841. 
Harvey, Mr., Navy Department, Huntress, October 31, 1846. 
Haskell, W. F., Tennessee, Huntress, January 1, 1848. 
Haslines, William S., Massachusetts, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
Hastings, John, Ohio, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
Hastings, Serraneus (Syrenius), Iowa, Huntress, January 30, 

1847. 
Havener, Mr., Washington, D. C, Huntress, July 1, 1848. 
Hawes, Albert, Kentucky, Faul Fry, August 4, 1832. 
Hawes, Eichard, Kentucky, Huntress, February 17, 1838; May 

15, 1841. 
Hay, Miss Ellen, Huntress, January 22, 1842. 
Hayne, Eobert, South Carolina, Faul Fry, August 4, 1832. 
Hays, Samuel L., Virginia, Huntress, June 19, 1841; April 27, 

1844. 
Haywood, Thomas, Virginia, Huntress, September 28, 1850. 
Haywood, William H., North Carolina, Huntress, February 10, 

1844. 
Heath, James P., Maryland, Faul Fry, August 16, 1834. 
Hebard, William, (Hebart), Vermont, Huntress, September 21, 

1850. 
Henley, Thomas H., Indiana, Huntress, December 23, 1843. 
Henn, Bernhart, Iowa, Huntress, June 19, 1852; February 26, 

1853. 
Henry, John, Illinois, Huntress, February 20, 1847. 
Henry, William, Vermont, Huntress, April 15, 1848. 



APPENDICES 271 

Hereford, Virginia, Huntress, July 27, 1850. 

Herod, William, Indiana, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 

Herriek, Joshua, Maine, Huntress, February 3, 1844. 

Hill, Hugh L. W., Tennessee, Huntress, May 5, 1848. 

Hill, Isaac, New Hampshire, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 

Hill, Miss, New York, Huntress, January 13, 1844. 

Hilliard, Henry W., Alabama, Huntress, May 23, 1846. 

Hillyer, Junius, Georgia, Huntress, December 13, 1851. 

Hoagland, Moses, Ohio, Huntress, March 30, 1850. 

Hobbie, Major Selah, New York, Huntress, April 19, 1845. 

Hodsden, Gen. Isaac, Maine, Huntress, May 25, 1850. 

Hoffman, Michael, Pmil Pry, July 28, 1832. 

Hoffman, Ogden, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 

Hoge, Joseph, Illinois, Huntress, April 6, 1844. 

Holliday, Alexander E., Virginia, Huntress, February 15, 1851. 

Holmes, Mrs. Elias, New York, Huntress, May 9, 1846. 

Holmes, Isaac E., South Carolina, Huntress, April 11, 1840; 

March 4, 1848. 
Holmes, Mrs. Isaac, South Carolina, Huntress, June 22, 1844. 
Holt's Hotel, New York City, Paul Pry, November 1, 1834. 
Hook, Enos, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
Hooker, Miss, Huntress, April 6, 1850. 
Hopkins, George W., Virginia, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
Hopkins, Mrs. George W., Virginia, Huntress, February 17, 

1844. 
Hotels in Washington, Huntress, November 30, 1839. 
Houck, Jacob, New York, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
Houston, George S., Alabama, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
Houston, Mrs. George H., Alabama, Huntress, March 19, 1842; 

May 27, 1848. 
Houston, Gen. Samuel, Texas, Huntress, July 11, 1846. 
Howard, Tilgham, Indiana, Huntress, January 4, 1840. 
Howard, Mrs. Volney E., Texas, Huntress, January 25, 1851. 
Howe, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 26, 1850. 
Howe, Mrs. John, Pennsylvania, Htmtress, January 19, 1850. 
Howe, Miss, Pennsylvania, Huntress, December 13, 1851. 
How (Howe), Thomas M., Pennsylvania, Huntress, December 

13, 1851. 
Hubbard, David, Alabama, Huntress, January 4, 1840. 



272 APPENDICES 

Hubbard, Mrs. David, Alabama, Huntress, March 7, 1840. 

Hubbard, Edmund, Virginia, Huntress, August 28, 1841; Jan- 
uary 30, 1847. 

Hubbard, Mrs. Edmund W., Virginia, Huntress, February 13, 
1847. 

Hubbard, Henry, New Hampshire, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832 j 
Huntress, February 11, 1837. 

Hubbell, William S., New York, Huntress, January 13, 1844. 

Hubley (Habley), Edward B., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 
10, 1838. 

Hudson, Charles, Massachusetts, Huntress, June 26, 1841. 

Hudson, Master Charles, Washington, D. C, Huntress, August 
14, 1841. 

Hughes, James M., Missouri, Huntress, February 3, 1844. 

Hughes, Mrs. James M., Missouri, Huntress, February 22, 1845. 

Hull, James, Huntress, January 18, 1851. 

Hungerford, Orville, New York, Huntress, March 30, 1844. 

Hunt, Washington, New York, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 

Hunter, Eobert M., Virginia, Huntress, June 27, 1840; March 
13, 1847. 

Hunter, General, Mississippi, Huntress, March 15, 1845. 

Hunter, Mrs. General, Mississippi, Huntress, March 15, 1845. 

Hunter, William H., Ohio, Huntress, February 24, 1838. 

Huntingdon, S., New Jersey, Huntress, July 18, 1840. 

Huntington, Judge, Indiana, Huntress, September 25, 1845. 

Ingersoll, Colin, Huntress, August 28, 1852. 

Ingersoll, Ealph, Connecticut, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 

Irwin, Mr., Kentucky, Huntress, January 25, 1851. 

Irwin, James, Pennsylvania, Huntress, July 10, 1841. 

Irwin, William W., Pennsylvania, Huntress, August 14, 1841. 

Ives, Willard, Huntress, July 17, 1852. 

Ivy, Master Charles, Senate page, Huntress, May 25, 1854. 

Jack, William, Pennsylvania, Huntress, August 14, 1841. 
Jackson, Thomas B., New York, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
Jackson, William J., New York, Huntress, February 9, 1850. 
James, Charles T., Rhode Island, Huntress, May 1, 1852. 
James, Mrs. Charles T., Ehode Island, Huntress, May 1, 1852. 
James, Francis, Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 27, 1841. 



APPENDICES 273 

Jameson, John, Missouri, Huntress, February 29, 1840. 
Jarnagin, Spencer, Tennessee, Huntress, February 10, 1844. 
Jenkins, Timothy, New York, Huntress, May 23, 1846. 
Jenks, Judge Michael, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 27, 1844. 
Jenniss, Benning, New Hampshire, Huntress, January 24, 1846. 
Jennifer, Daniel, Maryland, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
Johnson (Johnston), Andrew, Tennessee, Huntress, December 

2, 1843. 
Johnson, Cave, Tennessee, Huntress, April 9, 1845. 
Johnson, Heniy, Louisiana, Huntress, June 13, 1846. 
Johnson, Mrs. Henry, Louisiana, Huntress, July 29, 1848. 
Johnson, H. H., Ohio, Huntress, May 27, 1854. 
Johnson, James, Georgia, Huntress, June 19, 1852. 
Johnson, James H., California, Huntress, February 7, 1846. 
Johnson, James L., Kentucky, Huntress, September 21, 1850. 
Johnson, Perley, Ohio, Huntress, February 3, 1844. 
Johnson, Reverdy, Maryland, Huntress, July 18, 1846; February 

5, 1848. 
Johnson, Col. Robert M., Kentucky, Huntress, April 18, 1840; 

November 12, 1842; March 25, 1848. 
Johnston, Charles, New York, Huntress, February 1, 1840. 
Jones, Benj., Ohio, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
Jones, George W., Tennessee, Huntress, December 2, 1843. 
Jones, General George, Iowa, Huntress, February 2, 1850; 

August 24, 1850. 
Jones, Mrs. General George, Iowa, Huntress, February 2, 1850. 
Jones, Isaac D., Maryland, Hmitress, August 21, 1841. 
Jones, Mrs. Isaac, Maryland, Huntress, January 22, 1840. 
Jones, James C, Tennessee, Huntress, May 1, 1852. 
Jones, Mrs. James C, Tennessee, Huntress, July 24, 1854. 
Jones, Nathaniel, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
Jones, Seaborn, Georgia, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
Julian, George W., Indiana, Huntress, June 8, 1850. 
Julian, Mrs. George, Indiana, Huntress, June 8, 1850. 

Kane, Elias, Illinois, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832 ; August 9, 1834. 
Kaufman, Col. David, Texas, Huntress, August 1, 1846. 
Keim, William H., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
Kelle, Joseph, New Jersey, Huntress, May 2, 1840. 



274 APPENDICES 

Kempshall, Thomas, New York, Euntress, February 8, 1840. 

Ken, Mrs. John, Maryland, Huntress, June 22, 1850. 

Kennard, George L., Indiana, Faul Pry, August 9, 1834. 

Kennedy, Mrs. Andrew, Indiana, Huntress, January 15, 1842. 

Kennedy, John, Maryland, Euntress, July 23, 1842. 

Kennon, William, Ohio, Euntress, February 19, 1848. 

Kennon, Mrs. William, Ohio, Euntress, June 24, 1848. 

Kent, Joseph, Maryland, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 

Key, P. B., Washington, D. C, Euntress, July 1, 1848. 

King, Daniel P., Massachusetts, Euntress, January 13, 1844; 
March 2, 1844. 

King, Horatio, Washington, D. C, Euntress, October 9, 1841. 

King, James G., New Jersey, Euntress, February 16, 1850. 

King, John, Georgia, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834; July 23, 1836. 

King, Preston, New York, Euntress, May 25, 1850. 

King, Thomas Butler, Georgia, Euntress, March 7, 1840; Octo- 
ber 27, 1849. 

King, William E., Alabama, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832 ; August 
16, 1834; July 23, 1836; Euntress, April 20, 1844. 

King, Col., Louisiana, Euntress, August 5, 1848. 

Kirkpatrick, Mrs. Littleton, New Jersey, Euntress, April 13, 
1844. 

Kneeland, Abner, Massachusetts, Euntress, July 21, 1838. 

Knight, Mrs., Connecticut, Euntress, March 31, 1838. 

Knight, Nehemiah, Ehode Island, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 

Knower, Mrs. Albany, New York, Euntress, November 23, 1839. 

Labranche, Alec, Louisiana, Euntress, March 9, 1844. 
Lahm, Samuel, Ohio, Euntress, July 22, 1848. 
Lamar, G. A., Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Lamar, Henry G., Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Lane, Amos, Indiana, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
Lane, Henry S., Indiana, Euntress, February 20, 1841. 
Lane, Joseph, Oregon, Euntress, June 26, 1852. 
LaPorte, John, Pennsylvania, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
La Sere, Emile, Louisiana, Euntress, April 4, 1846. 
Lasselle, Hyacinth, Indiana, Euntress, March 17, 1849. 
Laurence, Sidney, New York, Euntress, April 11, 1348, 
Lawler, Joab, Alabama, Paul Pry, July 23, 1836. 



APPENDICES 275 

Lawrence, Master, Huntress, January 18, 1851. 

Leadbetter, Daniel D., Huntress, March 24, 1838. 

Leadbetter, O., Huntress, July 11, 1840. 

Leake, Shelton F., Virginia, Huntress, January 17, 1846. 

Leake, Mrs., Virginia, Huntress, January 17, 1846. 

Lecompte, Joseph, Kentucky, Paul Pry, August 1, 1832. 

Leffler, Shepherd, Iowa, Huntress, January 30, 1847; March 4, 
1848. 

Leet, Isaac, Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 10, 1840. 

Leigh, Benj. M., Virginia, Paul Pry, July 30, 1836. 

Lehman, Dr., Philadelphia, Huntress, November 28, 1846. 

Lehman, Mrs. Dr., Philadelphia, Huntress, November 28, 1846. 

Lenahan, Eev. H., Priest, Washington, D. C, Huntress, No- 
vember 23, 1850. 

Leonard, Moses G., New York, Huntress, January 25, 1845. 

Letcher, John, Virginia, Huntress, May 22, 1852. 

Levin, Lewis C, Huntress, March 13, 1847. 

Levy, David, Florida, Huntress, August 21, 1841. 

Lewis, A. Lewin, Pennsylvania, Huntress, June 17, 1848. 

Lewis, Abner, New York, Huntress, March 7, 1846. 

Lewis, Dixon H., Paul Pry, August 4, 1832; August 16, 1834; 
Huntress, May 9, 1847; June 5, 1847. 

Lewis, Thomas, Virginia, Huntress, March 8, 1857. 

Lindsley, Dr. Harvey E., District of Columbia, Huntress, Au- 
gust 5, 1848. 

Linn, Lewis F., Missouri, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 

Linn, Arch L., New York, Huntress, August 7, 1841. 

Linn, Mrs. Cumberland, Huntress, May 28, 1842. 

Littlefield, Nathaniel S., Maine, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 

Lockhart, Mrs. Hibernia, Virginia, Huntress, January 28, 1843. 

Long, Edward, Maryland, Huntress, June 27, 1846. 

Love, James, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 

Lowell, Joshua, Maine, Hxmtress, January 25, 1840. 

Lowell, Mrs., Maine, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 

Loyall, George, Virginia, Pmil Pry, August 16, 1834. 

Lucas, Edward P., Virginia, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 

Ludlow, Mrs. A. M., Ohio, Huntress, March 11, 1848. 

Lumpkins, John H., Georgia, Huntress, May 18, 1844. 

Lumpkins, Gov. Wilson, Georgia, Huntress, June 16, 1838. 



276 APPENDICES 

Lynde, Wm., Wisconsin, Huntress, June 24, 1848. 
Lyon, Caleb, Consul to China, Huntress, May 27, 1848. 
Lyon, Chittenden, Kentucky, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Lyon, Francis S., Alabama, Paul Pry, July 23, 1836. 

McCarty, Wm., "Virginia, Huntress, July 25, 1840. 
McCarty, Gen. Jonathan, Indiana, Huntress, February 6, 1847. 
McCauslen, Wm., Ohio, Huntress, May 4, 1844. 
McClellan, Abraham, Tennessee, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 
McClelland, Eobt., Huntress, July 11, 1846. 
McClernard, Col. John, Illinois, Huntress, April 6, 1844. 
McClernard, Mrs. Col. John, Illinois, Huntress, April 6, 1844. 
McClure, Chas., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
McCuUoch, Geo., Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 4, 1840. 
McCulloch, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 1, 1854. 
McCulloch, Mrs. John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 1, 1854. 
McDaniel, William, Huntress, February 20, 1837. 
McDonald, Joseph E., Indiana, Huntress, February 15, 1851. 
McDonald, Mrs. Joseph E., Indiana, Huntress, February 15, 

1851. 
McDowell, James, Virginia, Huntress, July 18, 1846. 
McDowell, Joseph, Indiana, Huntress, January 6, 1844. 
McDowell, Master, son of J. J., Ohio, Huntress, March 8, 1845. 
McDowell, Wm., Ohio, Huntress, March 14, 1846. 
McDuffie, Geo., South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
McGaughey, Edw. W., Indiana, Huntress, February 7, 1846. 
McHenry, Mrs. Wm., Kentucky, Huntress, April 25, 1846. 
McHenry, John H., Kentucky, Huntress, February 7, 1846. 
McHenry, August W., Kentucky, Huntress, February 23, 1850. 
Mcllvaine, M. Abraham, Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 17, 

1844. 
McKean, Samuel P., Huntress, August 16, 1834. 
McKean, John, New York, Huntress, June 4, 1842. 
McKennan, Thomas W. L., Pennsylvania, June 25, 1842. 
McKennan, Thomas M., Pennsylvania, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 

Huntress, June 25, 1842. 
McKinley, John, Alabama, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
McKirsock, Thomas, New York, Huntress, September 14, 1850. 



APPENDICES 277 

McLanehan, James X., Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 11, 
1851. 

McLaren, Dr. A. A., U. S. A., Huntress, March 21, 1840. 

McLean, W. P., Lebanon Chronicle, Tennessee, Huntress, Jan- 
uary 2, 1847. 

McLean, Moses, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 4, 1846. 

McLean, Judge John, Ohio, Paul Pry, January 26, 1830; Hun- 
tress, November 4, 1843; March 23, 1844; January 17, 1846; 
December 25, 1847. 

McLean, Finis, Kentucky, Huntress, July 13, 1850. 

McLelland, Robt., Michigan, Huntress, March 30, 1844. 

McLellan, Robt., New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 

McLene, Jeremiah, Ohio, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 

McMaekin, Andrew, Philadelphia Saturday Courier, Huntress, 
November 28, 1846. 

McMillie, Wm., Mississippi, Huntress, March 8, 1851. 

McMuUen, Fayette, Virginia, Huntress, April 13, 1850. 

McNulty, Mrs., District of Columbia, Huntress, June 29, 1844. 

McNulty, Mrs. Caleb, Huntress, March 16, 1844. 

McNulty, J. C, Ohio, Huntress, Januarj' 6, 1844. 

McQueen, John, South Carolina, Huntress, June 29, 1850. 

McRoberts, Mrs. Samuel, Illinois, Huntress, May 28, 1842. 

McRoberts, Samuel, Illinois, Huntress, July 17, 1841. 

Mace, Moulton, New Hampshire, Huntress, January 10, 1846. 

Mace, Daniel, Huntress, June 19, 1852. 

Macy, John B., Wisconsin, Huntress, March 18, 1854. 

Maher, Mrs., and Indian Delegation, Huntress, March 13, 1852. 

Mallory, Dr. Francis, Virginia, Huntress, February 20, 1841. 

Mallory, Dr. Francis, Virginia, Huntress, February 20, 1841. 

Mangum, Willie P., North Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832; 

Mann, Horace, Massachusetts, Huntress, June 3, 1848. 
July 30, 1836; Huntress, May 29, 1847; June 19, 1841. 

Mann, Job, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 15, 1848. 

Marblehead People, Huntress, August 31, 1850. 

Marchand, Albert G., Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 

Mardis, Samuel W., Alabama, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 

Marsh, George P., Vermont, Huntress, March 8, 1845. 

Marshall, Alfred, Maine, Huntress, September 11, 1841. 

Marshall, Thos. F., Kentucky, Huntress, September 25, 1841. 



278 APPENDICES 

Marshall, Humphrey, Kentucky, Huntress, July 13, 1850. 

Martin, Barclay, Tennessee, Huntress, January 10, 1846. 

Martin, Mrs. B., Tennessee, Huntress, January 10, 1846. 

Martin, Frederick S., New Ycrk, May 29, 1852. 

Martin, John P., Huntress, January 17, 1846. 

Martin, Joshua D., Alabama, Paul Pry, July 23, 1836. 

Martin, Mrs. Morgan L., Wisconsin, Huntress, February 27, 
1847. 

Martin, Mrs. W. L., Wisconsin, Huntress, February 21, 1846. 

Marvin, Eichard P., New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 

Marvin, Eichard P., New York, Huntress, January 25, 1840 

Mason, John T., Maryland, Huntress, August 7, 1841. 

Mason, John C, Kentucky, Huntress, September 21, 1850. 

Mason, Mrs. Sampson, Ohio, Huntress, May 14, 1842. 

Mathiot, Joshua, Ohio, Huntress, July 10, 1841. 

Matthew, James, Ohio, Huntress, June 15, 1841. 

Matthews, Eev. William, Washington, D. C, Huntress, Novem- 
ber 16, 1850; death of. May 20, 1854. 

May, Henry, District of Columbia, Huntress, July 1, 1848. 

Maynard, John, New York, Huntress, July 31, 1841. 

Maxwell, John P. B., New Jersey, Huntress, March 10, 1830. 

Meacham, James, Huntress, July 13, 1850, 

Meade, Eichard K., Virginia, Huntress, April 1, 1848. 

Medill, William, Ohio, Huntress, February 15, 1840. 

Medill, William, Ohio, Huntress, April 19, 1845. 

Meek, A. B., Alabama, Huntress, May 24, 1845. 

Menefee, Eichard H., Kentucky, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 

Meriweather, James A., Georgia, Huntress, August 7, 1841. 

Merrick, William D., Maryland, Huntress, January 27, 1838. 

Metcalf, Gen., Kentucky, Huntress, July 29, 1848. 

Miller, Jacob W., New Jersey, Huntress, September 14, 1841. 

Miller, John K., Ohio, Huntress, December 25, 1847. 

Miller, John K., Ohio, Huntress, September 25, 1847. 

Miller, John, Missouri, Huntress, March 21, 1840. 

Miller, J. W., New Jersey, Huntress, September 4, 1841. 

Miller, Mrs. John K., Ohio, Huntress, March 18, 1848. 

Miller, Mrs. John K., Ohio, Huntress, March 18, 1848. 

Miller, Stephen D., South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 



APPENDICES 279 

Miller, Stephen D., South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Miller, William S., New York, Huntress, February 20, 1837. 
Miller, "William H., Philadelphia, Huntress, December 5, 1846. 
Mitchell, Anderson, North Carolina, Huntress, June 11, 1842. 
Mitchell, Eobert, Ohio, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
Mitchell, Thomas E., South Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Mitchells, Charles F., New York, Huntress, March 21, 1840. 
Monroe, Columbus, Huntress, September 28, 1839. 
Monroe, James, New York, Huntress, March 14, 1840; August 
Montgomery, J. C, Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 19, 1842. 
Moor, Wyman B., Maine, Huntress, April 9, 1848. 
Moore, John, Louisiana, Huntress, February 27, 1841. 
Moore, John, Louisiana, Huntress, February 27, 1841. 
Morehead, Mrs. C. S., Kentucky, Huntress, January 29, 1848. 
Morehead, Col., Huntress, January 1, 1848. 
Morehead, J. T., Kentucky, Huntress, July 17, 1841. 
Morehead, Mrs., Kentucky, Huntress, May 14, 1842. 
Morgan, Charles U, Commodore, Huntress, January 31, 1844. 
Morgan, Christopher, New York, Huntress, December 28, 1839. 
Morgan, Mrs. Col., U. S. A., Huntress, June 17, 1848. 
Morgan, Edward, District of Columbia, Huntress, July 1, 1848. 
Morgan, William S., Virginia, Huntress, July 7, 1838. 
Morris, Calvary, Ohio, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 
Morris, John D., Ohio, Huntress, March 4, 1848. 
Morris, Joseph, Ohio, Huntress, May 4, 1844. 
Morris, Samuel W., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
Morris, Thomas, Ohio, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. August 15, 

1840. 
Morrow, W., Ohio, Huntress, July 3, 1841. 
Morse, Mrs., Louisiana, Huntress, April 11, 1846. 
Morse, J. E., Louisiana, Huntress, January 4, 1845. 
Morton, Alex, Louisiana, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
Morton, Jackson, Florida, Huntress, March 2, 1850. 
Morton, Jeremiah, Virginia, Huntress, January 26, 1850. 
Muhlenberg, Henry A., Pennsylvania, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 

August 16, 1834. 
Murphy, Charles, Georgia, Huntress, December 13, 1857. 



280 APPENDICES 

Murphy, Henry, New York, Huntress, February 15, 1845. 
Myers, Mrs., Philadelphia, Huntress, December 5, 1846. 

Navy Department, clerks. Huntress, December 18, 1841. 
Nayer, Charles, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
Neal, Joseph C, Philadelphia, Editor Saturday Gazette, Hun- 
tress, November 28, 1846. 
Nelson, John Alton, Gen., Huntress, November 30, 1844. 
Nelson, William, New York, Huntress, February 5, 1848. 
Nernhard, Peter, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
Nes, Henry, Pennsylvania, Huntress, January 27, 1844. 
Nes, Walter U., New York, Huntress, January 19, 1850. 
Nesbit, E. A., Georgia, Huntress, January 4, 1840. 
Newell, William A., New Jersey, Huntress, March 11, 1848. 
Newton, Eben, Ohio, Huntress, July 31, 1852. 
Newton, Thomas, Virginia, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
Newton, William, Virginia, Huntress, January 27, 1844. 
Newton, Willoughby, Virginia, Huntress, January 27, 1844. 
Newton, Mrs. William N., Htmtress. 
Nicholas, R. C, Louisiana, Paul Pry, July 16, 1836. 
Nicholas, Robert G., Louisiana, Paul Pry, July 16, 1836. 
Nicholson, A. O. P., Tennessee, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
Niles, Mrs. John M., Connecticut, Huntress, May 16, 1846. 
Ninen, Archibold, New York, Huntress, April 4, 1846. 
Nisbet, Eugenius A., Georgia, Huntress, August 14, 1841. 
Noble, William H., New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. i^^ 

Norris, Moses, New Hampshire, Huntress, April 13, 1850. 
Noyes, J. C, Maine, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 



Oddfellows, District of Columbia, Huntress, October 19, 1839. 

Ogle, C, Pennsylvania, Huntress, August 15, 1840. 

Ogle, Gen., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 

Ogle, Jackson, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 2, 1850. 

Olds, Mrs. Edson P., Ohio, Huntress, February 5, 1853. 

Olds, Edson B., Ohio, Huntress, June 29, 1850. 

Oliver, William M., New York, Huntress, July 31, 1841. 

Orr, James L., South Carolina, Huntress, June 22, 1850. 

Osborne, Thomas B., Connecticut, Huntress, March 14, 1840. 

Otis, John, Maine, Huntress, July 13, 1850. 

Outlaw, David, North Carolina, Huntress, May 5, 1848. 



4 



APPENDICES 281 

Outlaw, Mrs., North Carolina, Huntress, June 17, 184S. 

Owen, A. F., Georgia, Huntress, March 9, 1838. 

Owen, Kobert Dale, Jr., Huntress, February 3, 1844; March 

15, 184.5. 
Owsley, Bryan Y., Kentucky, Huntress, July 10, 1841. 

Page, Col., Collector of Port, Philadelphia, Huntress, December 
5, 1846. 

Palen, Eufus, New York, Huntress, February 8, 1840. 

Paridan, James, Indiana, Huntress, February 10, 1838. 

Parmenter, Wm., Maine, Huntress, March 2, 1839. 

Parker, Amasa, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 

Parker, Richard, Virginia, Huntress, February 8, 1851. 

Parker, Mrs. Richard, Virginia, Huntress, Februay 8, 1851. 

Parker, Mrs. Samuel, Indiana, Huntress, August 14, 1852. 

Perkins, Jared, New Hampshire, Huntress, May 22, 1852. 

Parris, Virgil D., Maine, Huntress, February 16, 1839. 

Parris, Gov. A. K., Maine, Huntress, June 1, 1839; April 28, 
1849. 

Parsons, R. R., Arkansas, Huntress, May 19, 1849. 

Partridge, Sam'l, New York, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 

Patterson, Sam'l D., Philadelphia, Editor Post, Huntress, No- 
vember 28, 1846. 

Patterson, Thos. A., New York, Huntress, April 27, 1844. 

Patterson, Wm., New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 

Payne, Mrs. Wm. W., Alabama, Huntress, January 28, 1843. 

Payne, Mr. and Mrs., New York, Huntress, March 15, 1857. . 

Payne, W., Alabama, Huntress, August 21, 1841. 

Paynter, Lemuel, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 

Pearce, R. J., Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 

Pearce, James A., Missouri, Huntress, August 21, 1841. 

Peaslee, C. H., New Hampshire, Huntress, March '18, 1848. 

Peasley, Mrs. Chas H., New Hampshire, Huntress, June 10, 
1848. 

Pendleton, John S., Virginia, Huntress, April 25, 1846. 

Penn, Alex G., Louisiana, Huntress, February 1, 1857. 

Pennypacker, Isaac S., Virginia, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 

Pennypacker, Mrs., Virginia, Huntress, February 23, 1839. 

Perrill, Augustus L., Huntress, March 14, 1846. 



282 , APPENDICES 

Perry, Thos., Maryland, Huntress, April 4, 1846. 

Pettit, Mrs. John, Indiana, Huntress, January 10, 1846. I; 

Pettit, John, Indiana, Huntress, April 13, 1844. # 

Petriect, Mrs., New York, Huntress, April 22, 1848. f 

Peyton, Joseph H., Tennessee, Huntress, June 8, 1844, ,','' 

Peyton, Sam'l, Kentucky, Huntress, April 8, 1848. | 

Phelps, John S., Missouri, Huntress, April 25, 1846. 

Phoenix, J. Philip, New York, Huntress, February 15, 1845. 

Pickens, F. W., South Carolina, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 

Pierce, Franklin, Huntress, March 12, 1853; July 1, 1854. 

Pitman, Mrs. P., Huntress, April 20, 1850. 

Pitman, Mrs. P., Huntress. 

Plumer, Arnold, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 10, 1858. 

Plummer, Franklin E., Mississippi, Faul Fry, August 4, 1832; 

August 4, 1834. 
Plummer, Franklin, Huntress, December 8, 1838. 
Plunkett, Eev. Joseph H., Huntress, December 7, 1850. 
Polk, James K., Tennessee, Faul Fry, August 4, 1832. 
Polk, Pres., Huntress, July 17, 1847. 
Polk, Wm. H., Tennessee, Huntress, April 17, 1852. 
Pollock, James, Pennsylvania, Huntress, May 18, 1844. 
Pope, John, Kentucky, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 
Pope, P. H., Faul Fry, August 9, 1834. 
Porter, Jas. Alex., Faul Fry, August 9, 1834. 
Porter, A. S., Michigan, Huntress, August 14, 1841. 
Porter, Augustus, Michigan, Huntress, March 14, 1840. 
Potter, Mrs., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
Potter, Wm. W., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
Potter, Emery D., Ohio, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 
Potter, Elisha E., Ehode Island, Huntress, March 16, 1844; 

May 4, 1844. 
Powell, Paulus, Virginia, Huntress, February 1, 1851. 
Powell, Mrs. Cuthbert, Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 19, 

1842. 
Pratt, James T., Connecticut, Huntress, July 24, 1854. 
Prentin, John H., New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
Preston, J. A., Maryland, Huntress, June 1, 1844. 
Preston, Wm. C, South Carolina, Faul Fry, August 16, 1834; 

July 30, 1836. 



4 



APPENDICES 283 

Preston, Wm. P., Virginia, Huntress, February 12, 1848. 
Price, Sterling, Missouri, Huntress, January 10, 1846. 
Proffit, Geo. H., Indiana, Huntress, March 7, 1840. 
Putnam, Harvey, New York, Huntress, February 16, 1839; 

May 5, 1848. 
Putnam, Harvey, New York, Huntress, May 5, 1848. 
Purdy, Smith M., New York, Huntress, January 13, 1844. 
Eadcliffe, Daniel, District of Columbia, Huntress, July 1, 1848. 
Eagan, Master A. H., page in Senate, Huntress, March 25, 1854. 
Eamsey, Alexander, Pennsylvania, Huntress, December 16, 1843. 
Eamsey, Eobert, Pennsylvania, Huntress, September 4, 1841. 
Eamsey, Wm., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 21, 1840. 
Eandall, Benj., Maine, Huntress, February 27, 1841. 
Eandolph, J. B., U. S. N., Huntress, March 29, 1845. 
Eandolph, Joseph F., New Jersey, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
Eathbun, George, New York, Huntress, February 17, 1844. 
Eayner, Kenneth, North Carolina, Huntress, February 29, 1840. 
Eeding, John S., New Hampshire, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
Eeding, Mrs. John S., New Hampshire, Huntress, January 15, 

1842. 
Eeed, Gen. Charles M., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 
Eeed, Mrs. Charles, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 
Eeed, Judge, Ohio, Huntress, February 19, 1848. 
Eeed, Eobert, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 2, 1850. 
Eeid, David S., North Carolina, Huntress, March 30, 1844; 

January 17, 1846. 
Eeilly, Luther, Pennsylvania, Huntress, July 7, 1838. 
Eencher, Mrs. Abraham, North Carolina, Huntress, March 12, 

1842. 
Eeynolds, Captain, U. S. A., Huntress, October 19, 1839. 
Eeynolds, Gideon, New York, Huntress, May 20, 1848. 
Eichardson, Wm. A., Illinois, Huntress, April 8, 1848. 
Eichie, Thomas, Ohio, Huntress, February 19, 1848. 
Eiggs, Lewis, New York, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
Eipley, Eleaza W., Louisiana, Paul Fry, August 9, 1834; July 

23, 1836. 
Eipley, T. C, New York, Huntress, January 9, 1847. 
Risley, Elijah, New York, Huntress, June 1, 1850. 
Ritter, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 16, 1844. 



284 APPENDICES 

Eives, Wm. C, Virginia, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
Eoane, Col. J. J., Virginia, Huntress, October 15, 1853, 
Bobbins, Asher, Rhode Island, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
Eobbins, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 23, 1850, 
Eoberts, Robert W., Mississippi, Huntress, March 23, 1844, 
Roberts, Mrs. Robert, Mississippi, Huntress, December 26, 1846. 
Roberts, Miss, Mississippi, Huntress, March 20, 1847. 
Robinson, Edward, Maine, Huntress, March 2, 1839. 
Robinson, John L., Indiana, Huntress, December 25, 1847. 
Robinson, Mrs. John L., Indiana, Huntress, June 10, 1848. 
Robinson, John M., Illinois, Paid Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Robinson, Orville, New York, Huntress, January 25, 1845. 
Rockhill, Wm., Indiana, Huntress, March 18, 1848. 
Rockwell, Julius, Massachusetts, Huntress, March 2, 1844; April 

2, 1848; April 20, 1850; July 1, 1854. 
Rockwell, Mrs. Julius, Massachusetts, Huntress, April 22, 1848. 
Rodney, George B., Delaware, Huntress, September 4, ^841, 
Rogers, Col. Charles, New York, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 
Roman, J. Dixon, Maryland, Huntress, February 26, 1848. 
Roosevelt, James I., New York, Huntress, March 5, 1842. 
Root, Erasmus, New York, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
Root, Joseph M., Ohio, Huntress, May 9, 1846. 
Rose, Robert L., New York, Huntress, September 14, 1850. 
Rowan, Dr., Philadelphia, Huntress, January 23, 1847. 
Royall, Captain Wm., Virginia, Huntress, February 4, 1843; 

April 1, 1848. 
Ruff, Dr. James H., Huntress, May 14, 1842. 
Ruffington, Joseph, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 23, 1844. 
Ruggles, Benj., Ohio, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Rumsey, David, New York, Huntress, March 11, 1848. 
Runk, John, New Jersey, Huntress, February 7, 1846. 
Rusk, Thomas J., Texas, Huntress, April 25, 1846. 
Russell, James M. (John), Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 

19, 1842. 
Russell, Jeremiah, New York, Huntress, January 6, 1844. 
Russell, John, New York, Huntress, April 4, 1846. 
Russell, Mrs. Margaret, Missouri, Huntress, December 20, 1851. 
Russell, Wm., Ohio, Huntress, July 3, 1841. 
Ruter, Mrs. John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 20, 1844. 



APPENDICES 285 

Salstonstall, Lemuel, Massachusetts, Huntress, February 16, 

1839. 
Sample, Samuel C, Indiana, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 
Sanford, John, New York, Huntress, June 12, 1841. 
Santangelo, Madam, Huntress, April 20, 1850. 
Sapp, Wm. R., Ohio, Huntress, July 24, 1854. 
Saunders, Romulus, North Carolina, Huntress, August 6, 1842. 
Sawtelle, Cullen, Maine, Huntress, June 6, 1846. 
Sawyer, Samuel, North Carolina, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 
Sawyer, Wm., Ohio, Huntress, March 7, 1846. 
Sawyer, Mrs. Wm., Ohio, Huntress, June 10, 1848. 
Scantland, Major J. M., U. S. A., Huntress, August 12, 1848. 
Seheffer, Dr. Daniel, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
Schley, Wm., Georgia, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
Schenck, Robert C, Ohio, Huntress, May 25, 1844. 
Schoolcraft, Mr., Indian Commissioner, Huntress, December 

22, 1849. 
Scudder, Zeno, Massachusetts, Huntress, December 13, 1851. 
Seaton, Mrs. W. W., Washington, D. C, Huntress, May 27, 1848. 
Sebastian, W. K., Arkansas, Huntress, June 24, 1848. 
Seddon, James A., Virginia, Huntress, June 27, 1846. 
Sellers, Augustine R., Maryland, Huntress, August 14, 1841. 
Semple, James, Illinois, Huntress, February 10, 1844; February 

17, 1854. 
Senter, Wm. M., Tennessee, Huntress, February 22, 1845. 
Severance, Luther, Maine, Huntress, May 18, 1844. 
Sevier, Ambrose H., Arkansas, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Sevier, Miss Ann Maria, Arkansas, Huntress, February 21, 1846. 
Sevier, Col., Mississippi, Huntress, April 18, 1840. 
Sevier, Mrs., Mississippi, Huntress, February 29, 1840. 
Sevier, Mrs. Matilda, Arkansas, Huntress, February 28, 1846. 
Seymour, David L., New York, Huntress, March 2, 1844. 
Shepard, Charles, North Carolina, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 
Sheplor, Matthias, Ohio, Huntress, February 24, 1838. 
Shields, Benj. G., Alabama, Huntress, August 21, 1841. 
Shields, Judge James, Illinois, Huntress, May 24, 1845. 
Shower, Jacob, Maryland, Huntress, March 18, 1854. 
Sibley, Henry S., Mississippi, Huntress, March 31, 1849. 
Sibley, Mark, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 



286 APPENDICES 

Sibley, Mrs. Mark, New York, Euntress, March 31, 1838. 
Silliman, Professor, Yale University, Huntress, March 13, 1852. 
Silsbee, Nathaniel, Massachusetts, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
Silver, H. A., District of Columbia, Himtress, Apirl 7, 1849. 
Silver, W. P., Maryland, Huntress, March 31, 1849. 
Simons, Samuel, Connecticut, Huntress, February 17, 1844. 
Simonton, Wm., Pennslyvania, Huntress, June 27, 1840. 
Simmons, James F.j Ehode Island, Huntress, June 19, 1841; 

August 14, 1841. 
Sims, Leonard H., Missouri, Huntress, January 10, 1846. 
Slade, Wm., Vermont, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
Slade, Charles, Illinois, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
Smart, Ephraim, Maine, Huntress, April 8, 1848. 
Smith, Mr., Pittsburg, artist. Huntress, April 1, 1837. 
Smith, Albert, Maine, Huntress, April 11, 1840. 
Smith, Albert, New York, Huntress, January 4, 1845. 
Smith, Caleb, Indiana, Huntress, March 18, 1844. 

28, 1839. 

Smith, Hugh N., New Mexico, Huntress, May 4, 1850. 

Smith, John T., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 23, 1844. 

Smith, Perry, Connecticut, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 

Smith, Eobert, Illinois, Huntress, May 25, 1844. 

Smith, Mrs. Sarah, Stafford, Virginia, Huntress, May 8, 1852. 

Smith, Thomas, Indiana, Huntress, September 28, 1839; Jan- 
uary 4, 1840. 

Smith, Mrs. Thomas, Indiana, Huntress, February 22, 1845. 

Smith, Truman (Freeman), Connecticut, Huntress. December 

Smith, Wm., Virginia, Huntress, March 19, :I842. 

Snow, Wm., New York, Huntress, August 28, 1852. 

Snyder, Adam, Illinois, Huntress, February 10, 1838. 

Snyder, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, July 10, 1841. 

Soule, Pierre, Louisiana, Huntress, March 13, 1847. 

Southgate, Wm., Kentucky, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 

Speight, Jesse, North Carolina, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832; July 
30, 1836. 

Speight, Mrs. Jesse, North Carolina, Huntress, May 9, 1846. 

Spence, Thomas A., Maryland, Huntress, April 13, 1844. 

Spencer, James B., New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 



APPENDICES 287 

Spencer, John C, Secretary of War, Huntress, November 6 

1841. 
Sprague, Peleg, Maine, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
Sprague, Wm., Michigan, Huntress, March 5, 1842 ; January 25, 

1851. 
Sprigg, James C, Kentucky, Huntress, August 28, 1841. 
Stack, Sarah, District of Columbia, Huntress, December 16, 

1843. 
Stanton, Frederick P., Tennessee, Huntress, July 18, 1846. 
Stanley, Edward, North Carolina, Huntress, April 18, 1840. 
Starkweather, David, Ohio, Huntress, April 18, 1846. 
Starweather, George, New York, Huntress, January 15, 1848. 
Steenrod, Lewis, Ohio, Huntress, February 15, 1840. 
Steenrod, Mrs. Lewis, Virginia, Huntress, May 28, 1842. 
Stephens, Alexander H., Georgia, Huntress, February 28, 1846; 

December 25, 1847. 
Stetson, Lemuel, New York, Huntress, January 13, 1844. 
Stevenson, Andrew, Virginia, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
Stewart, Andrew, Pennsylvania, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
Stewart, Archibald, Virginia, Huntress, March 3, 1838. 
Stewart, Mrs. J. T., Illinois, Huntress, February 19, 1842. 
Stiles, Wm. H., Georgia, Huntress, February 17, 1844. 
St. John, Daniel, New York, Huntress, June 17, 1848. 
St. John, Henry, Ohio, Huntress, January 27, 1844; January 

4, 1845. 
St. Martin, Louis, Huntress, July 31, 1852. 
Stoddard, John T., Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
Stone, James W., Kentucky, Huntress, April 27, 1844. 
Stone, Mrs. James W., Kentucky, Huntress, February 22, 1845. 
Stratton, Charles, New Jersey, Huntress, March 10, 1838. 
Strohm, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, April 25, 1846. 
Strong, Miss, New York, Huntress, March 9, 1846. 
Strong, Selah, New York, Huntress, February 17, 1844. 
Strong, Theron, New York, Huntress, January 25, 1840. 
Strong, Mrs. Theron, New York, Huntress, April 11, 1846. 
Strong, Wm., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 4, 1848. 
Stuart, Mrs. A. H., Virginia, Huntress, January 22, 1842. 
Stuart, Charles E., Michigan, Huntress, April 8, 1848. 
Stuart, John, Illinois, Huntress, March 7, 1840. 



288 APPENDICES 

Sturgeon, Daniel, Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 27, 1847. 
Summers, George W., Virginia, Huntress, June 26, 1841. 
Summers, Mrs. Geo. W., Huntress, January 22, 1842. 
Sumner, Charles, Massachusetts, Huntress, August 7, 1852. 
Sumpter, Thomas D., South Carolina, Huntress, July 24, 1841. 
Swart, Alexander H., Virginia, Huntress, June 26, 1841. 
Swearingen, Henry, Ohio, Huntress, February 16, 1839 ; July 

25, 1840. 
Sweeney, George, Ohio, Huntress, March 7, 1840. 
Sykes, George, New Jersey, Huntress, June 1, 1844. 
Sylvester, Peter H., New York, Huntress, May 6, 1848. 

Tallmadge, Frederick A., New York, Huntress, May 6, 1848. 
Tallmadge, Nathaniel P., New York and Wisconsin, Huntress, 

February 27, 1841; July 13, 1844. 
Taylor, Miss Mary, Kentucky, Huntress, February 13, 1847. 
Taylor, Nathaniel G., Tennessee, Huntress, July 24, 1854. 
Taylor, President, Huntress, March 17, 1849; April 28, 1849. 
Taylor, Wm., New York, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
Taylor, Wm., Virginia, Huntress, June 1, 1844. 
Taylor, Mrs. Wm., Huntress, June 1, 1844. 
Tazewell, Littleton W., Virginia, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
Thomas, Dr., District of Columbia, Huntress, June 29, 1839. 
Thomas, Philomon, Louisiana, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
Thomas, William (Francis), Maryland, Paul Pry, August 16, 

1834. 
Thomason, Wm. P., Kentucky, Huntress, February 10, 1844. 
Thompkins (Tompkins), Patrick, Mississippi, Huntress, March 

18, 1848. 
Thom2;)son, Benj., Massachusetts, Huntress, March 7, 1846. 
Thompson, Mrs. Benj., Massachusetts, Huntress, March 14, 1846. 
Thompson, Dr., Columbus, Ohio, Huntress, January 10, 1852. 
Thompson, Jacob, Mississippi, Huntress, March 7, 1840. 
Thompson, Mrs. Jacob, Mississippi, Huntress, January 22, 1842. 
Thompson, John B., Kentucky, Huntress, .January 29, 1848. 
Thompson, Judge, District of Columbia, Huntress, September 

7, 1844. 
Thompson, Eichard W., Indiana, Huntress, August 7, 1841; 

January 29, 1848. 



APPENDICES 289 

Thompson, Eobert A., Virginia, Euntress, July 22, 1848. 
Thompson, Waddy, South Carolina, Huntress, March 3, 1838; 

May 11, 1834; January 18, 1851. 
Thompson, Wiley, Georgia, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Thompson, Wm., Iowa, Huntress, February 19, 1848. 
Thurman, John K., New York, Huntress, September 14, 1850. 
Thurman, Mrs. John E., New York, Huntress, March 15, 1851. 
Thurston, Samuel P., Maine and Oregon, Huntress, February 

23, 1850. 
Tibbets, Miss Jane, Kentucky, Huntress, February 13, 1847. 
Tibbets, Mrs. John W., Kentucky, Huntress, March 14, 1846. 
Tilden, Daniel E., Ohio, Huntress, February 3, 1844. 
Tillinghast, Joseph, Ehode Island, Huntress, March 31, 1838; 

February 1, 1840. 
Tipton, John, Indiana, Paul Pry, August 9, 1834. 
Titus, Obadiah, New York, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
Toland, George W., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 24, 1838. 
Tomlinson, Thomas A., New York, Huntress, August 7, 1841. 
Towns, George, Georgia, Huntress, June 27, 1846. 
Towns, Mrs. George W., Georgia, Huntress, February 23, 1839. 
Townsend, Eleazar L., New York, Huntress, September 11, 1841. 
Tredway (Treadway), Wm. M., Virginia, Huntress, January 

17, 1846. 
Trotti, S. W., South Carolina, Huntress, January 28, 1843. 
Troup, George M., Georgia, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Trumbo, Andrew, Kentucky, Huntress, March 7, 1846. 
Trumbo, Mrs. Andrew, Kentucky, Huntress, January 9, 1847. 
Triplett, Philip, Kentucky, Huntress, March 7, 1840. 
Tuck, Mrs. Amos, New Hampshire, Huntress, December 20, 

1851. 
Tucker, Tilghman, Mississippi, Huntress, March 30, 1844. 
Turner, Thomas J., Illinois, Huntress, March 18, 1848. 
Turner, Mrs. Thomas J., Illinois, Huntress, July 29, 1848. 
Turney, Hopkins L., Tennessee, Huntress, February 17, 1838. 
Tyler, Asher, New York, Huntress, January 4, 1845. 
Tyler, John, Virginia, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832; August 16, 

1834. 
Underwood, Joseph E., Kentucky, Huntress, July 13, 1850. 
Underwood, Mrs. Joseph E., Kentucky, Huntress, July 13, 1850. 



290 APPENDICES 

Upham, Gen. Win., Vermont, Huntress, February 10, 1844; May 

27, 1847. 
Upsher, Secretary, Virginia, Huntress, November 6, 1841. 

Vail, George, New Jersey, Huntress, April 15, 1854. 

Vail, Mrs. George, New Jersey, Huntress, April 15, 1854. 

Vail, Miss, New Jersey, Huntress, April 15, 1854. 

Van Buren, Col. John, New York, Huntress, March 25, 1848. 

Van Buren, President Martin, Huntress, March 11, 1837; May 

6, 1837. 
Van Dyke, John, New Jersey, Huntress, May 6, 1848. 
Van Meter, John, Ohio, Huntress, May 11, 1844. 
Van Ness, Mrs., Washington, D. C, Huntress, August 31, 1839. 
Vance, Joseph, Ohio, Huntress, May 11, 1844. 
Venable, Abraham, North Carolina, Huntress, April 29, 1848. 
Verplanck, Gulian, New York, Paul Fry, July 28, 1832. 
Vroom, Peter D., New Jersey, Huntress, July 18, 1840. 

Wade, Benj. F., Ohio, Huntress, January 10, 1852. 
Wagener, David D., Pennsylvania, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834; 

July 25, 1840. 
Waggaman, George A., Louisiana, Paul Pry, August 4, 1832. 
Wagner, Peter, New York, Huntress, December 28, 1839. 
Waldo, Loren P., Connecticut, Huntress, May 25, 1850. 
Wales, John, Delaware, Huntress, August 31, 1850. 
Walker, Eobert, Mississippi, Huntress, July 16, 1836. 
Wallace, David, Indiana, Huntress, March 5, 1842. 
Walsh, Thomas Y., Maryland, Huntress, July 31, 1852. 
Ward, Aaron, New York, Paul Pry, July 28, 1832. 
Ward, Wm. T., Kentucky, Huntress, July 17, 1852. 
Warren, Cornelius, New York, Huntress, May 5, 1848. 
Warren, Lott, Georgia, Huntress, January 4, 1840. 
Washburn, Israel, Maine, Huntress, December 13, 1851. 
Washington, P. G., District of Columbia, Huntress, April 19, 

1845. 
Washington, W. H., North Carolina, Huntress, July 17, 1841. 
Watterson, Harvey W., Tennessee, Huntress, March 7, 1840. 
Watkins, Albert, Tennessee, Huntress, January 25, 1851. 
Waugh, J. H., District of Columbia, Huntress, September 25, 

1841. 



APPENDICES 291 

Waugh, Mrs., District of Columbia, Huntress, July 24, 1854. 
Webster, Daniel, Massachusetts, Pmil Pry, July 28, 1832; 

Huntress, May 22, 1847; May 18, 1850; October 30, 1852. 
Webster, Miss, Massachusetts, Huntress, March 31, 1838. 
Weightman, Eichard, Maryland and New Mexico, Huntress, 

June 26, 1852. 
Welch, John, Ohio, Huntress, July 31, 1852. 
Wellborn, Marshall, Georgia, Huntress, September 21, 1850. 
Weller, John B., Ohio and California, Huntress, February 15, 

1840; June 7, 1845; May 29, 1852; February 25, 1854. 
Weller, Mrs. John B., Ohio and California, Huntress, December 

4, 1847. 
Wentworth, John, Illinois, Huntress, March 30, 1844; January 

4, 1851. 
Wentworth, Mrs. John, Illinois, Huntress, January 18, 1851. 
Wentworth, Tappan, Massachusetts, Huntress, April 1, 1854. 
Westbrook, John, Pennsylvania, Huntress, June 12, 1840. 
Wetherell, John, Maryland, Huntress, April 27, 1844. 
Wharton, Col., Texan Minister, Huntress, January 7, 1837. 
Wheaton, Horace, New York, Huntress, April 27, 1844; July 

18, 1846. 
White, Albert S., Indiana, Huntress, February 10, 1838. 
White, Mrs. Albert S., Indiana, Huntress, March 8, 1845. 
Wickliffe, Charles A., Kentucky, Huntress, November 6, 1841, 
Wight, Otis, Eittenhouse Academy, Washington, D. C, Huntress, 

July 2, 1853. 
Wilcox, Leonard, New Hampshire, Huntress, May 14, 1842. 
Wildrick, New Jersey, Huntress, May 25, 1850. 
% Wiley, James S., Maine, Huntress, April 15, 1848. 

Wilkins, Wm., Pennsylvania, Paul Pry, August 16, 1834. 
Williams, Christopher H., Tennessee, Huntress, February 17, 

1838; March 24, 1838. 
Williams, Henry, Massachusetts, Huntress, December 28, 1839. 
Williams, James W., Maryland, Huntress, August 14, 1841. 
Williams, Joseph, Tennessee, Huntress, July 23, 1842; Feb- 
ruary 17, 1838. 
Williams, S. S., Washington, D. C, Huntress, July 1, 1848. 
Williams, Thomas H., Mississippi, Huntress, February 16, 1839; 

December 28, 1839. 



292 APPENDICES 

Wilmot, David, Pennsylvania, Huntress, February 7, 1846. 
Wilmot, Mrs. David, Pennsylvania, Huntress, June 13, 1846. 
Wilson, Edgar C, Virginia, Paul Fry, August 16, 1834. 
Wilson, James, New Hampshire, Huntress, May 20, 1848. 
Winston, Miss Eliza, Alabama, Huntress, January 28, 1843. 
Winthrop, Eobert C, Massachusetts, Huntress, July 3, 1841. 
Wise, A. A., Pennsylvania, Huntress, August 15, 1840. 
Wise, Henry A., Virginia, Huntress, October 21, 1837. 
Wood, Amos S., Ohio, Huntress, May 25, 1850. 
Wood, Fernando, New York, Huntress, August 7, 1841. 
Woodbridge, William, Michigan, Huntress, August 14, 1841. 
Woodbridge, Mrs. William, Michigan, Huntress, June 25, 1842. 
Woodbury, Levi, New Hampshire, Huntress, May 18, 1839. 
Woodbury, Mrs. Levi, New Hampshire, Huntress, March 26, 

1842. 
Woodbury, the Misses, Huntress, March 26, 1842. 
Woodruff, Thomas, New York, Huntress, January 30, 1847. 
Woodward, Joseph A., South Carolina, Huntress, December 16, 

1843; April 11, 1846. 
Woodworth, Wm. W., New York, Huntress, April 4, 1846. 
Wright, George W., California, Huntress, March 1, 1851. 
Wright, Mrs. George W., California, Huntress, March 1, 1851. 
Wright, Joseph A., Indiana, Huntress, December 23, 1843. 
Wright, Wm., New Jersey, Huntress, June 22, 1844. 
Yancey, W. L., Alabama, Huntress, January 11, 1845. 
Yates, Eichard, Illinois, Huntress, January 10, 1852. 
Yorke (York), Thomas J., New Jersey, Huntress, March 10, 

1838. 
Yost, Jacob S., Pennsylvania, Huntress, March 23, 1844. 
Yost, Mrs. Jacob, Pennsylvania, Huntress, June 13, 1846. 
Young, Augustus, Vermont, Huntress, September 4, 1841. 
Young, Bryan (Bryam), Kentucky, Huntress, May 16, 1846. 
Young, John, New York, Huntress, August 7, 1841. 
Young, Judge, Illinois, Huntress, April 24, 1847. 
Young, Lieut., U. S. N., Huntress, October 19, 1839. 
Young, Kichard M., Illinois, Huntress, January 27, 1838. 
Young, Mrs. Eichard M., Illinois, Huntress, May 2, 1840. 
Yulee (Levy), Mrs. David, Florida, Huntress, February 27, 

1847. 



Ind 



ex 



Index 



Adams, John, 71. 

Adams, John Quincy, 37, 62, 

94, 213, 221. 
Alabama, 55. 

Alexandria Phoenix, 164. 
Alexandria, Va., 60. 
Amelia County, Va., 44. 
Anti-Masons, 92 fP. 
Archer, "William, 43. 

Baltimore, Lord, 19, 26. 
Baltimore & Ohio Eailroad, 

62. 
Baptists, 107. 
Batavia, N. Y., 95, 96. 
Beecher, Dr. Lyman, 127. 
Beef Monopoly, The, 184. 
Benton, Col. Thomas H., 

146, 164, 205. 
Blair, Francis P., 159, 160, 

163. 
Blair, Montgomeiy, 160. 
Bonaparte, Joseph, 67. 
Boston Commercial, 77, 112. 
Boston, Mass., 68. 
Brainard, Charles H., 191. 
Bremer, Frederika, 178. 
Burlington, Vt., 101. 
Bermuda Hundred, Va., 39. 
Butler, Anne, 34. 
Butler, James, 29, 33, 34, 

194. 



Butler, Mrs., mother of Anne 
Eoyall, 33, 194. 

Cabell Court House, 48. 
Calhoun, John C, 159. 
Calvert, Lord, 19. 
Calvanism, 114. 
Carey, Alice, 178. 
Carrahan, Aunt Molly, 25. 
Catholics, 107. 
Charleston, Va., 47. 
Chatham Theatre, New 

York, 100. 
Church and State Party, 116 

ff. 
Cincinnati, Ohio, 62, 122. 
City Hotel, Alexandria, Va., 

60. 
City Point, Va., 39. 
Claggett, M. E., 60. 
Clay, Henry, 164, 186. 
Clere, Laurent, 72. 
Clinton, Gov. DeWitt, 66, 96. 
Connersville, Ind., 30, 195. 
Cowan, Mr., 30. 
Cranch, Chief .Justice, 136. 

Daguerreotype, The First. 

190. 
Deniston, Fort, 27. 
Dickens, Charles, 178. 
Dodge, Augustus Caesar, 

208. 



296 



INDEX 



Dodge, Henry, 208. 
Dorrets, The, 61. 
Dowling, John, 195. 
Bowling, Thomas, 144. 
Dunahan, Paddy, 25. 
Dunmore, Lord, 38. 

Eaton, John H., 142. 
Edes, General, 69. 
Elizabeth, Queen, 26. 
Ely, Dr., 142. 

Emerson, Ealph Waldo, 115. 
Erie Canal, The, 62, 66. 
Evangelicals, 115 ff. 
Everett, Edward, 70. 

Fenton, C. W., 185. 
Fineastle, Va., 34. 
Findlay, Congressman, 25. 
Florence, Ala., 53. 
Forbes, General, 31. 
Frederick the Great, 26. 
Freemasonry, 92 ff. 
Freemont, John C, 211. 
Fuller, Margaret, 80. 

Gales, Joseph, 159, 218. 
Gallaudet, Rev. Dr. Thomas, 

72. 
Ganson, Major, 95. 
George I, 26. 
Gilbert, Edward, 211. 
Globe, The, 159. 
Grant, Eva, 34. 
Green, Gen. Duff, 159. 
Greensburg, Pa., 31. 
Greenwood, Grace, 178. 
Guilford, Courthouse, N. C, 

38. 
Gwyn, William M, 211. 



Hale, Sarah Jane, 178. 
Hamilton, Mrs. Sarah, 35. 
Hanna, Mrs., 32. 
Hanna, Eobert, 31. 
Hannastown, Fort, 27, 30, 

31, 32. 
Harrington, Lord, 26. 
Harrisburg, Pa., 111. 
Hartford Asylum for the 

Deaf and Dumb, 72. 
Hartford, Conn., 72. 
Harvard University, 108. 
Hemans, Mrs., 178. 
Henry, Patrick, 38. 
High Tariff, 172. 
Hill, Isaac, 170. 
Holmes, O. W., 178. 
Huntress, The, 168, 177 ff. 
Huntsville, Ala., 60. 

Intelligencer, The National, 

159. 
Irving, Washington, 56. 

Jackson, Andrew, 49, 143, 
155 ff. 

Jefferson, Joseph, 219. 

Jefferson, Thomas, 37, 46. 

Johnson, Richard M., 153. 

Johnston, Senator, 189. 

Jones, George W., 179. 

Jones, Mrs. George W., trib- 
ute to, 179. 

Kendall, Amos, 159, 222. 
Kennahway County, Va., 43. 
Kercheval's Virginia, 21, 28. 
Key, Francis Scott, 139. 

Lafayette, 37, 39; his visit 
to Boston, 70. 



INDEX 



297 



LeKoy, New York, 95. 
Letters from Alabama, 51. 
Letters on Masonry and 

Anti-Masonry, 93. 
Loyalhanna, 18, 21. 

McClean, Judge, 203. 
Madison, Dolly, 86. 
Madison, James, 86. 
Maloney, Mrs. Eva Grant, 

34, 35, 46. 
Markle, N. B., 203. 
Martineau, Harriet, 78, 222. 
Martin, Judge, 75. 
Martin, Kev. William, 36. 
Maryland, Proprietary gov- 
ernment of, 19. 
Mason, Jeremiah, 170. 
Massachusetts Legislature, 

108. 
"Matt," 48, 50, 56, 58. 
Matthews, Father William, 

120, 223. 
Melton's Bluflf, 53, 56. 
Methodists, 107. 
Middle Mountain, Va., 34. 
Middle Eiver, Va., 18. 
Miller, David C, 95. 
Millers Station, 27, 29, 32. 
Missionary, The, 119. 
Mississippi River, The, 204, 

205. 
Mitford, Miss, 178. 
Monroe, President, 62. 
Monroe, Va., 42. 
Montgomery, Ala., Journal, 

128. 
Moore's Settlement, 27, 29. 
Morgan, William, 92 ff. 



Morse, Professor, 190. 
Mount Pisgah, 20, 23, 27, 30. 

New England Almanac of 

1830, 106. 
New England Beligious 

Weehly, The, 167. 
New Haven, Conn., 72. 
New Orleans, La., 54, 206. 
Newport, Anne, 18, 31, 33, 

35, 45. 
Newport, William, 18, 19, 

29. 
New York City, 67. 
Niagara Falls, 80. 
Niagara, Fort, 97. 
Northampton, Mass., 64. 
Nullifiers, 172. 

O'Eeilley, Henry, 98. 
O'Shean, Dennis, 25. 

Paul Pry, 147 ff, 166 ff. 
Pendleton, Miss Lucinda, 94. 
Petersburg, Va., 39. 
Philadelphia, Pa., 63. 
Pitt, Fort, 31. 
Pittsburg, Pa., 88. 
Polk, James K., 186. 
Pomeroy, Dr., 103. 
Portland, Me., 62. 
Presbyterians, 107. 
Price, Thomas, 34. 
Providence, E. I., 74. 
Public Documents, Index to, 
215. 

Randolph, John, 83. 
Richmond, Va., 38, 61. 
Rives, John C, 159. 



298 



INDEX 



Eoosevelt, James I., 83, 84, 

192. 
Eoyall, Captain, 33, 34, 41, 

42, 45, 46. 

Saint Stephen's, Ala., 60. 

Salem, Mass., 74, 100. 

Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 67. 

Savannah, Ga., 53. 

Savannah, a sailing packet, 
63. 

Scott, Walter, 57. 

Seaton, William, 159. 

Sharpe, Governor, 19. 

Shields, Fort, 27. 

Sigourney, Mrs., 178. 

Sketches of History, Life 
and Manners in the United 
States, 60, 62. 
Slaver), 55. 

Sophia, Electress of Han- 
over, 26. 
Specie Circular, 182. 
Spofford, A. R., 231. 
Springfield, Mass., 64, 65. 
Stack, Mrs. Sarah, 151 ff. 
Stage Coach Advertising, 63. 
Staunton, Va., 34. 
Stone, William L., 94. 
Story, Judge, 81. 
Strickland, Agnes, 178. 
Sweet Springs, Va., 34, 37, 
41, 



Taliaferro, Judge, 37. 
Telegraph, the first, 190. 
Terre '"ante, Ind., 203. 
Thruston, Judge, 138. 
Tocqueville, M., 158. 
Tracts, 117 ff. 
Trollope, Mrs., 78. 

United States Bank, 163, 

169 ff. 
Unitarianism, 115, 133. 
United States Telegraph, 

159. 
Universalism, 115. 

Van Buren, President, 181. 

Washington, D. C, 53, 59, 
61, 63, 119, 153. 

Washington, Early Journal- 
ism in, 231. 

Waterson, Mr., 139. 

Webster, Daniel, 188. 

Weed, Thurlovs^, 97 ff. 

Westminster Confession, 115. 

Wharton, Dr. Thomas, 36. 

White, Ju.^ge, 180. 

Willis, M. P., 178. 

Wirt, William, 110. 

Worcester, Mass., 64. 

Wright, Frances, 78, 155. 

Wright, George W., 211. 



C 141 82 



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